References
- Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
- Azibo, D. A. Y. (1996). African psychology in historical perspective and related commentary. Africa World Press.
- Banks, C. W. (1976). White preference in Blacks: A paradigm in search of a phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1179. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1179
- Boykin, A. W. (1994). Afrocultural expression and its implications for schooling. Teaching Diverse Populations: Formulating a Knowledge Base, 1944, 50–51.
- Cross, W. E., Jr. (1971). The negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13–27.
- Cross, W. E., Jr. (1991). Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity. Temple University Press.
- Cross, W. E., Jr. (in press). Black identity viewed from a barber’s chair. Temple University Press.
- Cross, W. E., Jr, & Fhagen-Smith, P. (2001). Patterns of African American identity development: A life span perspective. New Perspectives on Racial Identity Development: A Theoretical and Practical Anthology, 243–270.
- Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity and the life cycle. WW Norton & Company.
- Jackson, B. W. (1976). The function of a Black identity development theory in achieving relevance in education for Black students [ Dissertation], University of Massachusetts-Amherst.
- Jones, J. M. (2003). TRIOS: A psychological theory of the African legacy in American culture. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.t01-1-00014
- Kiang, L., Harter, S., & Whitesell, N. R. (2007). Relational expression of ethnic identity in Chinese Americans. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(2), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507075414
- Marks, A. K., Calzada, E., Kiang, P. G. M., Martinez-Fuentes, S., Tuitt, N., Ejesi, K., Rogers, L., Williams, C. D., & Umaña-Taylor, A. (2020). Applying the lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity: Exploring affect, behavior, and cognition to promote well-being. Special Issue of Research in Human Development.
- McAdoo, H. P. (1985). Racial attitudes and self-concept of young Black children. over time. In H. McAdoo & J. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children (pp. 213–242). Sage.
- Milliones, J. (1980). Construction of a Black consciousness measure: Psychotherapeutic implications. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 17(2), 175. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085908
- Neville, H., and Cross, W. E., Jr. (2017). Racial Awakening: Epiphanies and encounters in black identity. Cultural Diversity and ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 102 doi:10.1037/cdp0000105
- Oyserman, D., & Harrison, K. (1998). Implications of cultural context: African American identity and possible selves. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target’s perspective (pp. 281–300). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012679130-3/50048-X
- Posada, G., Gao, Y., Wu, F., Posada, R., Tascon, M., Schöelmerich, A., … Synnevaag, B. (1995). The secure-base phenomenon across cultures: Children’s behavior, mother’s preferences and expert’s concepts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2–3), 27–48.
- Rivas-Drake, D., & Umaña-Taylor, A. (2019). Below the surface: Talking with teens about race, ethnicity, and identity. Princeton University Press.
- Rogers, L. O., Kiang, L., White, L., Calzada, E. J., Umaña Taylor, A. J., Byrd, C., Williams, C. D., Marks, A., & Whitesell, N. (2020). Persistent concerns: Questions for research on ethnic-racial identity development. Special Issue of Research in Human Development.
- Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2. PMID: 15647149.
- Stevenson, H. C., Jr, Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Development of the teenager experience of racial socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 84–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798402028002002
- Thomas, C. W. (1971). Boys no more: A Black psychologist’s view of community. Glencoe Press.
- Williams, C. D., Byrd, C. M., Quintana, S. M., Anicama, C., Lisa, K., Umaña-Taylor, A., Calzada, E. J., Gautier, M. P., Ejesi, K., Tuitt, N. R., Martinez-Fuentes, S., White, L., Marks., A., Rogers, L. O., & Whitesell, N. (2020). A lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity. Special Issue of Research in Human Development.
- Yip, T., & Cross, W. E., Jr. (2004). A daily diary study of mental health and community involvement outcomes for three Chinese American social identities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(4), 394. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.10.4.394