The Impact of HIV Diagnosis-Related vs. Non-Diagnosis Related Trauma on PTSD, Depression, Medication Adherence, and HIV Disease Markers

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bangsberg , D. R. , Hecht , F. M. Charlebois , E. D. 2000 . Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population. . AIDS , 14 : 357 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Davis , G. C. , Andreski , P. , Peterson , E. L. and Schultz , L. R. 1997 . Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 : 1044 – 1048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau , N. , Davis , G. , Andreski , P. , Federman , B. and Anthony , J. 1998 . “ Epidemiological findings on posttraumatic stress disorder and co-morbid disorders in the general population. ” . In Adversity, stress, & psychopathology , Edited by: Dohrenwend , B. P. 319 – 330 . London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Catz , S. L. , Kelly , J. A. , Bogart , L. M. , Benotsch , E. G. and McAuliffe , T. 2000 . Patterns, predictors, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease. . Health Psychology , 19 : 124 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney , M. A. , Ickovics , J. R. , Chambers , D. B. , Gifford , A. L. , Neidig , J. Zwickl , B. 2000 . Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: The AACTG adherence instruments. Patient Care Committee & Adherence Working Group of the Outcomes Committee of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG). . AIDS Care , 12 : 255 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. A. , Alfonso , C. A. , Hoffman , R. G. , Milau , V. and Carrera , G. 2001 . The impact of PTSD on treatment adherence in persons with HIV infection. . General Hospital Psychiatry , 23 : 294 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delahanty , D. L. , Bogart , L. M. and Figler , J. L. 2004 . Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, salivary cortisol, medication adherence, and CD4 levels in HIV-positive individuals. . AIDS Care , 16 : 247 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. , Cashman , L. , Jaycox , L. and Perry , K. 1997 . The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. . Psychological Assessment , 9 : 445 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore-Felton , C. and Koopman , C. 2002 . Traumatic experiences: Harbinger of risk behavior among HIV-positive adults. . Journal of Trauma and Dissociation , 3 : 121 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , M. , Wilner , N. and Alvarez , W. 1979 . Impact of events scale: Measures of subjective stress. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 41 : 209 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman , S. C. , Rompa , D. and Cage , M. 2000 . Distinguishing between overlapping somatic symptoms of depression and HIV disease in people living with HIV-AIDS. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 188 : 662 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangas , M. , Henry , J. L. and Bryant , R. A. 2002 . Posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer: A conceptual and empirical review. . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 499 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. A. and Kalichman , S. C. 2002 . Behavioral research in HIV/AIDS primary and secondary prevention: Recent advances and future directions. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 626 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , B. , Raphael , B. , Judd , F. , Perdices , M. , Kernutt , G. Burnett , P. 1998 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV infection. . General Hospital Psychiatry , 20 : 345 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Sonnega , A. , Bromet , E. , Hughes , M. and Nelson , C. B. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 1048 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimerling , R. , Calhoun , K. S. , Forehand , R. , Armistead , L. , Morse , E. Morse , P. 1999 . Traumatic stress in HIV-infected women. . AIDS Education and Prevention , 11 : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobel , H. , Guelar , A. , Carmona , A. , Espona , M. , Gonzalez, A. Lopez-Colomes , J. L. 2001 . Virologic outcomes and predictors of virologic failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy containing protease inhibitors. . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 15 : 193 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low-Beer , S. , Yip , B. , O'Shaughnessy , M. V. , Hogg , R. S. and Montaner , J. S. 2000 . Adherence to triple therapy and viral load response. . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 23 : 360 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , A. , Israelski , B. S. , Walker , C. and Koopman , C. 2002 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in women attending human immunodeficiency virus outpatient clinics. . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 16 : 283 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugavero , M. , Ostermann , J. , Whetten , K. , Leserman , J. , Swartz , M. , Stangl , D. and Theilman , N. 2006 . Barriers to antiretroviral adherence: The importance of depression, abuse, and other traumatic events. . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 20 : 418 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson , D. L. , Swindells , S. Mohr , J. 2000 . Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. . Annals of Internal Medicine , 133 : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradier , C. , Carrieri , P. Bentz , L. 2001 . Impact of short-term adherence on virological and immunological success of HAART: A case study among French HIV-infected IDUs. . International Journal of STDs and AIDS , 12 : 324 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D scale: A new self-report depression scale for research in the general population. . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safren , S. A. , Gershuny , B. S. and Hendriksen , E. 2003 . Symptoms of posttraumatic stress and death anxiety in persons with HIV and medication adherence difficulties. . AIDS Patient Care and STDS , 17 : 657 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sethi , A. K. , Celentano , D. D. , Gange , S. J. , Moore , R. D. and Gallant , J. E. 2003 . Association between adherence to antiretroviral therapy and human immuno-deficiency virus drug resistance. . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 37 : 1112 – 1118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev , A. Y. , Schreiber , S. , Galai , T. and Melmed , R. N. 1993 . Post-traumatic stress disorder following medical events. . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 : 247 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , N. , Squier , C. , Sivek , C. , Wagener , M. , Nguyen , M. H. and Yu , V. L. 1996 . Determinants of compliance with antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: prospective assessment with implications for enhancing compliance. . AIDS Care , 8 ( 3 ) : 261 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sledjeski , E. M. , Delahanty , D. L. and Bogart , L. M. 2005 . Incidence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression on adherence to HAART and CD4 counts in people living with HIV. . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 19 : 26 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. Y. , Egert , J. , Winkel , G. and Jacobson , J. 2002 . The impact of PTSD on pain experience in persons with HIV/AIDS. . Pain , 98 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Servellen , G. , Sarna , L. , Nyamathi , A. , Padilla , G. , Brecht , M. L. and Jablonski , K. J. 1998 . Emotional distress in women with symptomatic HIV disease. . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 19 ( 2 ) : 173 – 188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waldrop-Valverde , D. and Valverde , E. 2005 . Homelessness and psychological distress as contributors to antiretroviral nonadherence in HIV-positive injecting drug users. . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 19 ( 5 ) : 326 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar