A Stress-Coping Model for Conceptualizing the Impact of Substance Abuse on Families

REFERENCES

• Ablon , J. ( 1974 ). Al-anon family groups: Impetus for learning and change through the presentation of alternatives . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 28 ( 1 ), 30 – 45 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramowitz , I. & Coursey , R. ( 1989 ). Impact of an educational support group on family participants who take care of their schizophrenic relatives . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 ( 2 ), 232 – 236 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen , N. ( 1984 ). The broken brain: The biological revolution in psychiatry . New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Asher , R. ( 1992 ). Women with alcoholic husbands: Ambivalence and the trap of codependency . Chapel Hill , NC : The University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , M. ( 1963 ). Research on alcoholism and marriage . In Social work practice (pp. 19 – 30 ). New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , M. ( 1965 ). Al-anon family groups as an aid to the wives of alcoholics . Social Work , 10 , 68 – 74 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , M. ( 1967 ). Alcoholism and family casework . New York : Community Council of Greater New York .
   Google Scholar
• Bernard C. ( 1865 ). Introduction to the study of experimental medicine . Paris : University Press of France .
   Google Scholar
• Bernheim , K. ( 1990 ). Family-provider relationships: Charting a new course . In H. P. Lefley & D. L. Johnson (Eds.), Families as allies in the treatment of the mentally ill: New directions for mental health professionals . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Farkas , K. , & Flint , K. ( 1989 ). Family caregiver bibliography . Cleveland , OH : The Family Caregiving Project, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Milligan , S. , Putnam , P. , & Song , L. ( 1992 ). The role of race in family caregiving with persons with mental illness . Final report to the Office of Program Evaluation and Research, Ohio Department of Mental Health . Cleveland , OH : Center for Practice Innovations .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Milligan , S. , Putnam , P. , & Song , L. ( 1994 ). Predictors of burden among lower socioeconomic status caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness . Community Mental Health Journal , 30 , 473 – 494 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Milligan , S. , & Song , L. ( 1995 ). A comparative analysis of family caregivers’ perceived relationships with mental health professionals . Psychiatric Services , 46 , 477 – 482 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Sales , E. , & Schultz , R. ( 1991 ). Family caregiving in chronic illness . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Song , L. , & Chakravarthy , V. ( 1994 ). Predictors of caregiver burden among support group members of persons with chronic mental illness . In E. Kahana , D. Biegel , & M. Wykle (Eds.), Family caregiving across the lifespan . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. , Song , L. , & Milligan , S. (1995). A comparative analysis of family caregivers perceived relationships with mental health professionals. Psychiatric Services , 46, 477–482. [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings , A. & Moos , R. ( 1984 ). Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression . Journal of personality and social psychology , 46 , 877 – 891 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulgar , M. , Wandersman , A. , & Golman , C. ( 1993 ). Burdens and gratifications of caregiving . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 63 , 255 – 265 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , B. , Farmer , E. , & Anglin , A. ( 1998 ). Perceived parental burden and service use for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders . American Journal of Public Health , 88 , 75 – 80 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , B. , Shaw , S. , Cleary , P. , Delbanco , T. , & Aronson , M. ( 1987 ). Screening for alcohol abuse using the CAGE questionnaire . American Journal of Medicine , 82 ( 2 ): 231 – 235 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon , W. ( 1929 ). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage . New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Caplan , G. (Ed.). ( 1974 ). Support systems and community mental health . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , J. & Yarrow , M. ( 1955 ). Paths to the mental hospital . Journal of Social Issues , 11 , 25 – 32 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwall , P. & Scott , J. ( 1996 ). Burden of care, psychological distress and satisfaction with services in the relatives of acutely mentally disordered adults . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 31 , 345 – 348 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronkite , R. , Finney , J. , Nekich , J. , & Moos , R. ( 1990 ). Remission among alcoholic patients and family adaptation to alcoholism: A stress and coping perspective . In R. L. Collins , K. E. Leonard , & J. S. Searles (Eds.), Alcohol and the family: Research and clinical perspectives (pp. 309 – 337 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Crotty , P. & Kulys , R. ( 1986 ). Are schizophrenics a burden to their families? Significant others’ views . Health and Social Work , 11 ( 3 ), 173 – 189 . [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cutter , C. & Cutter , H. ( 1987 ). Experience and change in Alanon family groups . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 48 , 29 – 32 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll , W. ( 1975 ). Home is not sweet anymore . Mental Hygiene , 59 , 2204 – 2206 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Doll , W. , Thompson , E. , & Lefton , M. ( 1976 ). Beneath acceptance: Dimensions of family affect towards former mental patients . Social Science and Medicine , 16 , 307 – 313 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. , Harvey , C. , & Whitehead , P. ( 1973 ). Wives of alcoholics: A critical review and analysis . Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 34 , 112 – 132 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erickson , M. ( 1968 ). MMPI comparisons between parents of young emotionally disturbed and organically retarded children . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 73 , 728 – 732 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Falloon , I. R. , Graham-Hole , V. , & Woodroffe , R. ( 1993 ). Stress and health of informal carers of people with chronic mental disorders . Journal of Mental Health-UK , 2 , 165 – 173 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Farhall , J. & Gehrke , M. ( 1997 ). Coping with hallucinations: Expressing stress and coping framework . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36 , 259 – 261 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favorini , A. ( 1995 ). Concept of co-dependency . Social Work , 40 ( 6 ), 827 – 830 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Felton , B. , Revenson , T. , Hinrichsen , G. , & Gregory , A. (1984). Stress and coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment among chronically ill adults. Social Science and Medicine , 18, 889–898. [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , J. , Moos , R. , Cronkite , R. , & Gamble , W. ( 1983 ). A conceptual model of married persons with impaired partners; Spouses of alcoholic patients . Journal of Marriage and Family , 45 , 23 – 34 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francell , C. , Conn , V. , & Gray , D. ( 1988 ). Families’ perceptions of burden for care for chronic mentally ill relatives . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 39 , 1296 – 1300 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman , M. ( 1996 ). Effects of Alanon attendance on family perceptions of inner-city indigents . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 22 , 123 – 134 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen , B. ( 1996 ). Family support in child and adult mental health . In G. Singer , L. Powers , & A. Olson (Eds.), Redefining family support . Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher , S. & Mechanic , D. ( 1996 ). Living with the mentally ill: Effects on the health and functioning of other household members . Social Science and Medicine , 42 , 1691 – 1701 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , L. ( 1980 ). Role transitions in later life . Monterey , CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Gorman , J. & Rooney , J. ( 1979 ). Delay in seeking help and onset of crises among Alanon wives . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 6 , 223 – 233 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grad , J. & Sainsbury , P. ( 1963 ). Mental illness and the family . Lancet , 1 , 544 – 547 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grad , J. & Sainsbury , P. ( 1968 ). The effects that patients have on their families in a community care and a control psychiatric service—a two year follow up . British Journal of Psychiatry , 114 , 265 – 278 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Greenley , J. , McKee , D. , Brown , R. , & Griffin-Francell , C. ( 1993 ). Aging parents of adults with disabilities . Family Relations , 42 , 205 – 211 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Kim , H. , & Greenley , J. ( 1997 ). Factors associated with subjective burden in siblings of adults with severe mental illness . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 67 , 231 – 241 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnaccia , P. J. ( 1988 ). Multicultural experiences of family caregiving: A study of African American, European American, and Hispanic American families . New Directions in Mental Health Services , 77 , 45 – 61 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Guarnaccia , P. & Parra , P. ( 1996 ). Ethnicity, social status, and families’ experiences of caring for their mentally ill family member . Community Mental Health Journal , 32 , 243 – 260 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubman , G. & Tessler , R. ( 1987 ). The impact of mental illness on families . Journal of Family Issues , 8 , 226 – 245 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guebaly , N. & Offord , D. ( 1977 ). The offspring of alcoholics . American Journal of Psychiatry , 134 , 357 – 365 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberman , P. ( 1964 ). Psychological test score changes for wives of alcoholics during periods of drinking and sobriety . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 20 , 230 – 232 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield , A. B. ( 1978 ). Psychological costs of schizophrenia to the family . Social Work , 23 , 355 – 359 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatfield , A. B. ( 1979 ). The family as partner in the treatment of mental illness . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 30 , 338 – 340 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatfield , A. B. ( 1987 ). Social support and family coping . In A. B. Hatfield & H. P. Lefley (Eds.), Families of the mentally ill: Coping and adaptation (pp. 191 – 208 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , R. (1992). Substance abuse and stress-coping resources. In B. Wallace (Ed.), The chemically dependent: Phases of treatment and recovery (pp. 127–158). New York : Brunner-Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Hill , R. ( 1949 ). Families under stress . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoenig , J. & Hamilton , M. ( 1966 ). The schizophrenic patient in the community and his effect on the household . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 12 , 165 – 176 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , D. & Lewine , R. ( 1982 ). How families evaluate mental health professionals, resources and effects of the illness . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 8 , 626 – 633 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder , H. & Blasé , J. ( 1986 ). Alcoholism treatment and total healthcare utilization and cost . JAMA , 256 , 1456 – 1460 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder , H. & Hallan , J. ( 1986 ). The impact of alcoholism treatment on total healthcare costs: A six-year study . Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse , 6 , 1 – 15 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollingsworth , E. ( 1994 ). Falling through the cracks: Care of the chronically mentally ill in the United States . In J. Hollingsworth & E. Hollingsworth (Eds.), Care of the chronically and severely ill . New York : Adalyine De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Hooyman , N. & Gonyea , J. ( 1995 ). Feminist perspective on family care . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• House , J. ( 1974 ). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 15 , 12 – 27 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert , S. ( 1976 ). The role of Alanon groups in the treatment program of a VA alcoholism unit . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 27 , 693 – 697 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isaacson , E. ( 1991 ). Chemical addiction: Individual and family systems . Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment , 4 ( 1 ), 7 – 27 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. ( 1954 ). The adjustment of the family to the crisis of alcoholism . Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 15 , 562 – 586 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson , J. ( 1988 ). The adjustment of the family to the crisis of alcoholism . Reprinted with a new introduction by the author. Center of Alcohol Studies, Pamphlet Series . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , T. & Seilhamer , R. ( 1987 ). Alcoholism and family interaction . In T. Jacob (Ed.), Family interaction and psychopathology . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. ( 1994 ). Current issues in family research . In H. P. Lefley and M. Wasow (Eds.), Helping families cope with mental illness (pp. 309 – 328 ). Newark , NJ : Harwood Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , N. ( 1971 ). What is Alanon? National Catholic Guidance Conference Journal , 15 , 188 – 191 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kahana , E. , Biegel , D. , & Wykle , M. ( 1994 ). Family caregiving across the lifespan . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Keinz , S. , Schwartz , C. , Trench , B. , & Houlihan , D. ( 1995 ). An assessment of membership benefits in the Alanon program . Alcoholism treatment quarterly , 12 , 31 – 38 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Kliewer , W. , Fearnow , M. , & Walton , M. ( 1998 ). Dispositional, environmental, and context-specific predictors of children's threat perceptions in everyday stressful situations . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 27 , 83 – 100 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan , K. & Jackson , J. ( 1964 ). Stress, personality and emotional disturbances in wives of alcoholics . Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 25 , 486 – 495 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , H. ( 1990 ). Continuing problems between mental health professionals and families of the mentally ill . In H. Lefley & D. Johnson (Eds.), Families as allies in the treatment of the mentally ill . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. P. (1987a). An adaptation framework: Its meaning for research and practice. In A. B. Hatfield & H. P. Lefley (Eds.), Families of the mentally ill: Coping and adaptation (pp. 307–329). New York : Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. P. ( 1987b ). The family's response to mental illness in a relative. Families of the Mentally Ill: Meeting the Challenges . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 34 , 3 – 22 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. P. ( 1987c ). Aging parents as caregivers of mentally ill adult children: An emerging social problem . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 38 ( 10 ), 1063 – 1070 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lefley , H. ( 1996 ). Family caregiving in mental illness . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. ( 1997 ). The consumer recovery vision: Will it alleviate family burden? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 67 , 210 – 219 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. ( 1998 ). (Ed.). Families coping with mental illness: The cultural context . New Directions for Mental Health Services , Vol. 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. & Johnson , D. ( 1990 ). Families as allies in the treatment of the mentally ill . Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lyon , D. & Greenberg , J. ( 1991 ). Evidence of codependency in women with an alcoholic parent: Helping out Mr. Wrong . Journal of Personality Social Psychology , 61 ( 3 ), 435 – 439 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , D. T. ( 1992 ). Families and mental illness: New directions in professional practice . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Maurin , J. & Boyd , C. ( 1990 ). Burden of mental illness on the family: A critical review . Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 4 ( 2 ), 99 – 107 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayfield , D. & Johnstone , R. ( 1980 ). Screening techniques and prevalence estimation in alcoholism . In W. Fann , L. Karacan , A. Pokornoy , & R. Williams (Eds.), Phenomenology and treatment of alcoholism (pp. 33 – 44 ). New York : Medical and Scientific Books .
   Google Scholar
• McBride , J. ( 1991 ). Assessing the Alanon component of Alcoholics Anonymous . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 8 , 57 – 65 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• McCabe , P. M. , Schneiderman , N. , Field , T. , & Skyler , J. (Eds.). ( 1991 ). Stress, coping and disease . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , W. ( 1994 ). Families, patients, and clinicians as partners . In H. P. Lefley & M. Wasow (Eds.), Helping families cope with mental illness (pp. 195 – 222 ). Newark , NJ : Harwood Academic .
   Google Scholar
• McGann , K. ( 1990 ). Self-reported illnesses in family members of alcoholics . Family Medicine , 22 , 103 – 106 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNair , D. , Lorr , M. , & Doppelman , F. ( 1971 ). Manual for the profile of mood states . San Diego , CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Medvane , L. , Mendoza , R. , Lin , K. , & Harris , N. ( 1995 ). Increasing Mexican-American attendance of support groups for parents of the mentally ill . Journal of Community Psychology , 23 , 307 – 325 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milgram , N. ( 1993 ). Stress and coping in Israel during the Persian Gulf War . Journal of Social Issues , 49 , 103 – 123 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , N. ( 1995 ). Addiction psychiatry: Current diagnosis and treatment . New York : Wiley-Liss .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. & Keirn , W. ( 1978 ). Personality measurement in parents of retarded and emotionally disturbed children . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 34 , 686 – 690 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. (1993). Stress and coping theory and evaluation research: An integrated perspective. Evaluation Review , 16, 534–553. [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. ( 1997 ). Assessing approach and avoidance: Coping skills and their determinants and outcomes . Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology , 24 , 58 – 64 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Moos , R. , Bromet , E. , Tsu , V. , & Moos , B. ( 1979 ). Family characteristics and the outcomes of treatment for alcoholism . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 40 , 78 – 88 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. , Finney , J. , & Chan , D. ( 1981 ). The process of recovery from alcoholism: I. Comparing alcohol patients and matched community controls . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 42 , 383 – 402 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. , Finney , J. , & Gamble , W. ( 1982 ). The process of recovery from alcoholism: II. Comparing spouses of alcoholic patients and matched community controls . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 43 , 888 – 909 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. & Moos , J. ( 1981 ). Family environment scale manual . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moos , R. & Moos , J. ( 1984 ). The process of recovery from alcoholism: III. Comparing spouses of alcoholic patients and matched community controls . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 45 , 111 – 118 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. , Webb , C. , Pfeiffer , M. , & Gladis , M. ( 1996 ). Family burden of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Perceptions of relatives and professionals . Psychiatric Services , 47 , 507 – 511 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , G. ( 1989 ). Life strains, coping, and emotional well-being . American Journal of Community Psychiatry , 17 , 459 – 483 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh , S. & Avison , W. ( 1988 ). Spouses of discharged patients . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 50 , 377 – 389 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noh , S. & Turner , J. ( 1987 ). Living with psychiatric patients: Implications for the mental health of family members . Social Science and Medicine , 25 ( 3 ), 263 – 271 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , G. , McFarlane , A. , & Streiner , D. ( 1985 ). Patterns of illness among individuals reporting high and low stress . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 30 ( 6 ), 400 – 405 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldridge , M. & Hughes , I. ( 1992 ). Psychological well-being in families with a member suffering from schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 249 – 251 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolino , T. , McGrady , B. , Diamond , S. , & Longbaugh , R. ( 1978 ). Psychological disturbances in the spouses of alcoholics . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 37 , 1600 – 1608 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L. , Mullan , J. , Semple , S. , & Skaff , T. ( 1990 ). Caregiving and the stress process . The gerontologist , 30 , 583 – 591 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , S. , Cook , J. , Cohler , B. , & Solomon , M. ( 1997 ). Positive parent/child relationships: Impact of severe mental illness and caregiving burden . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 67 , 220 – 230 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , S. A. , Cook , J. A. , & Heller , T. ( 1998 ). Support group satisfaction: A comparison of minority and white families . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 77 , 63 – 73 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potasznik , H. & Nelson , G. ( 1984 ). Stress and social support . American Journal of Community Psychology , 12 , 589 – 607 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramathan , C. ( 1995 ). Coping with stress through social support . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 11 , 33 – 44 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , B. & McElfresh , O. (1978). Detachment and recovery from alcoholism. Alcohol Health and Research World , 2, 28–33. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Rice , J. ( 1996 ). A disease of one's own . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Riesser , G. , Minsky , S. , & Schorske , H. ( 1991 ). Intensive family support services . Trenton , NJ : New Jersey Department of Support Services .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , K. & Brent , E. ( 1992 ). Physician utilization and illness patterns in families of alcoholics . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 43 , 119 – 128 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , J. , Verarado , L. , Kidd , J. , Horbatuk , M. , Bonanno , R. , Fahrenwald , R. , Kirsch , S. , & Stretch , G. ( 1997 ). Health outcomes of women exposed to household alcohol abuse . The Journal of Family Practice , 45 , 410 – 417 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyle , H. ( 1936 ). The stress of life . New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , G. ( 1996 ). Redefining family support . Baltimore : Brookes .
   Google Scholar
• Skinner , E. , Steinwachs , D. , & Kasper , J. ( 1992 ). Family perspectives on the service needs of people with serious and persistent mental illness . Innovations and Research , 1 , 23 – 30 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. & Birchwood , M. ( 1987 ) Specific and non-specific effects of educational intervention with families living with a schizophrenic relative . British Journal of Psychiatry , 150 , 645 – 652 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , J. ( 1998 ). The cultural context of interventions for family members with a seriously mentally ill relative. Families coping with mental illness: The cultural context . New directions for mental health services , 77 , 5 – 17 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , P. ( 1994 ). Families views of service delivery . In H. P. Lefley & M. Wasow (Eds.), Helping families cope with mental illness (pp. 259 – 274 ). Newark , NJ : Harwood Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , P. & Draine , J. ( 1995 ). Subjective burden among family members of mentally ill adults: Relationships to stress, coping, and adaptation . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 65 , 419 – 427 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , L. , Biegel , D. , & Milligan , S. ( 1997 ). Predictors of depressive symptomatology among lower class caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness . Community Mental Health Journal , 33 , 269 – 286 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaniol , L. & Jung , H. ( 1983 ). Families as a central resource in the rehabilitation of the severely psychiatrically disabled . Boston : Center for Rehabilitation Research and Training in Mental Health, Boston University .
   Google Scholar
• Spaniol , L. , Jung , H. , Zipple , A. , & Fitzgerald , S. ( 1987 ). Families as a resource in the rehabilitation of the severely psychiatrically disabled . In A. B. Hatfield and H. P. Lefley (Eds.), Families of the mentally ill: Coping and adaptation (pp. 167 – 191 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Spaniol , L. , Zipple , A. , & Fitzgerald , S. ( 1984 ). How professionals share power with families . Psychological Rehabilitation Journal , 8 , 77 – 84 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Steadman , H. , Mulvey , E. , Monahan , J. , Robbins , P. , Appelbaum , P. , Grisso , T. , Roth , L. , & Silver , E. ( 1998 ). Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods . Archives of General Psychiatry , 155 , 393 – 401 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Steinglass , P. , Bennett , L. , Wolin , S. J. , & Reiss , D. ( 1987 ). The alcoholic family . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Steuve , A. , Vine , P. , & Struening , E. (1997). Perceived burden among caregivers of adults with serious mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 67, 199–209. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan , R.W. & Lavitt , M. R. ( 1986 ). Patterns of adjustment to violence in families of the mentally ill . New Orleans , LA : Elizabeth Wisner Research Center, Tulane University School of Social Work .
   Google Scholar
• Tessler , R. & Gamanche , G. ( 1994 ). Continuity of care, residence, and family burden in Ohio . Millbank Quarterly , 72 , 149 – 169 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessler , R. , Gamanche , G. , & Fisher , G. ( 1991 ). Patterns of contact of patients' families with mental health professionals and attitudes towards professionals . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 42 , 929 – 935 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson , E. & Doll , W. ( 1982 ). The burden of families of the mentally ill . Family Relations , 31 , 370 – 388 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey , E. ( 1994 ). Violent behavior by persons with serious mental illness . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 45 , 653 – 662 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troise , F. ( 1992 ). The capacity for experiencing intimacy in wives of alcoholics or codependents . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 9 ( 3–4 ), 39 – 55 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , M. ( 1982 ). Social support and coping . Journal of Social Issues , 38 , 117 – 137 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz , M. ( 1994 ). Social isolation and social mediators of the stress of illness . Hamburg , Germany : Lit .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , H. ( 1994 ). The revolution in stress theory and research . In R. Liberman & J. Yager , Stress in psychiatric disorders . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wills , T. , Vaccaro , D. , & Benson , G. ( 1995 ). Coping and competence in adolescent alcohol and drug use . In J. Wallander and L. Siegel (Eds.), Adolescent health problems: Behavioral perspectives (pp. 160 – 178 ). New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Zautre , A. & Manne , S. ( 1992 ). Coping with rheumatoid arthritis: A review of a decade of research . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 14 , 31 – 39 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar