Degradation of DMFC using a New Long-Term Stability Cycle

References

• Achmad, F., S. K. Kamarudin, W. R. W. Daud, and E. H. Majlan. 2011. Passive direct methanol fuel cells for portable electronic devices. Applied Energy 88:1681–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aricò, A. S., S. Srinivasan, and V. Antonucci. 2001. DMFCs: from fundamental aspects to technology development. Fuel Cells 1:133–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, S. J., S.-J. Kim, J. I. Park, J.-H. Lee, H. Cho, and J.-Y. Park. 2010. Lifetime prediction through accelerated degradation testing of membrane electrode assemblies in direct methanol fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35:9166–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, S. J., S.-J. Kim, S. Um, J.-Y. Park, J.-H. Lee, and H. Cho. 2009. A prediction model of degradation rate for membrane electrode assemblies in direct methanol fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34:5749–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukamp, B. A. 1986. A nonlinear least squares fit procedure for analysis of immittance data of electrochemical systems. Solid State Ionics 20:31–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillard, A., C. Coutanceau, P. Brault, J. Mathias, and J. M. Léger. 2006. Structure of Pt/C and PtRu/C catalytic layers prepared by plasma sputtering and electric performance in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Journal of Power Sources 162:66–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. Y. and C. S. Tsao. 2006. Characterization of electrode structures and the related performance of direct methanol fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31:391–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, X., C. Peng, M. You, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, and Q. Fan. 2006. Characterization of catalysts and membrane in DMFC lifetime testing. Electrochimica Acta 51:4620–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, W. C., J. D. Kim, and S. I. Woo. 2002. Quaternary Pt-based electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation by combinatorial electrochemistry. Catalysis Today 74:235–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eickes, C., P. Piela, J. Davey, and P. Zelenay. 2006. Recoverable cathode performance loss in direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153:A171–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaili, Q., A. A. Ranjbar, and M. Abdollahzadeh. 2013. Numerical simulation of a direct methanol fuel cell through a 1D+ 1D approach. International Journal of Green Energy 10:190–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, J., G. Sun, Z. Wu, S. Sun, S. Yan, L. Cao, et al. 2007. The durability of polyol-synthesized PtRu/C for direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 172:666–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Z. and A. Faghri. 2006. Miniature DMFCs with passive thermal-fluids management system. Journal of Power Sources 160:1142–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneka, M. J. and E. Ivers-Tiffee. 2006. Accelerated life tests for fuel cells. ECS Transactions 1:377–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hoster, H., T. Iwasita, H. Baumgartner, and W. Vielstich. 2001. Current-time behavior of smooth and porous PtRu surfaces for methanol oxidation. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 148:A496–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, M. K., J. Y. Won, K. S. Oh, K. R. Lee, and S. I. Woo. 2007. Performance degradation study of a direct methanol fuel cell by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochimica Acta 53:447–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, M. K., K. R. Lee, K. S. Oh, D. S. Hong, J. Y. Won, S. Li, et al. 2006. Current density dependence on performance degradation of direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 158:1344–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H., S.-J. Shin, Y.-g. Park,J. Song, and H.-t. Kim. 2006. Determination of DMFC deterioration during long-term operation. Journal of Power Sources 160:440–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights, S. D., K. M. Colbow, J. St-Pierre, and D. P. Wilkinson. 2004. Aging mechanisms and lifetime of PEFC and DMFC. Journal of Power Sources 127:127–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothandaraman, R., V. Nallathambi, K. Artyushkova, and S. C. Barton. 2009. Non-precious oxygen reduction catalysts prepared by high-pressure pyrolysis for low-temperature fuel cells. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 92:209–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, C. and C. Y. Wang. 2004. Effects of hydrophobic polymer content in GDL on power performance of a PEM fuel cell. Electrochimica Acta 49:4149–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., G. Lu, and C.-Y. Wang. 2006a. Low crossover of methanol and water through thin membranes in direct methanol fuel cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 153:A543–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F. and C.-Y. Wang. 2009. Dramatic reduction of water crossover in direct methanol fuel cells by cathode humidification. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 12:B101–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H., C. Song, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Wang, and D. P. Wilkinson. 2006b. A review of anode catalysis in the direct methanol fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources 155:95–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Z. Zhou, X. Zhao, Q. Xin, G. Sun, and B. Yi. 2004. Studies on performance degradation of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) in life test. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 6:134–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., L. Hong, and S. W. Tay. 2007. Preparation and characterization of carbon-supported Pt, PtSnO2 and PtRu nanoparticles for direct methanol fuel cells. Materials Chemistry and Physics 105:222–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, V. O., H. R. Kunz, and J. M. Fenton. 2006. Is H[sub 2]O[sub 2] involved in the membrane degradation mechanism in PEMFC? Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9:A299–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, J. T. and P. M. Urban. 1998. Characterization of direct methanol fuel cells by ac impedance spectroscopy. Journal of Power Sources 75:139–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J.-Y., J.-H. Lee, J. Sauk, and I.-h. Son. 2008. The operating mode dependence on electrochemical performance degradation of direct methanol fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33:4833–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhuram, J., T. S. Zhao, and H. Yang. 2005. Methanol adsorbates on the DMFC cathode and their effect on the cell performance. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 578:105–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmilovic, V., H. A. Gasteiger, and P. N. Ross. 1995. Structure and chemical composition of a supported Pt-Ru electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation. Journal of Catalysis 154:98–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, S. G., A. Calafiore, A. R. Bonesi, W. E. Triaca, A. M. Castro Luna, M. S. Moreno, et al. 2012. Supported catalysts for alcohol oxidation synthesis and analysis of their catalytic activity. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37:14849–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarma, L. S., C.-H. Chen, G.-R. Wang, K.-L. Hsueh, C.-P. Huang, H.-S. Sheu, et al. 2007. Investigations of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) fading mechanisms. Journal of Power Sources 167:358–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, V. S., S. Weisshaar, R. Reissner, B. Ruffmann, S. Vetter, A. Mendes, et al. 2005. Performance and efficiency of a DMFC using non-fluorinated composite membranes operating at low/medium temperatures. Journal of Power Sources 145:485–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, S. Q., Z. X. Liang, W. J. Zhou, G. Q. Sun, Q. Xin, V. Stergiopoulos, et al. 2005. Direct methanol fuel cells: The effect of electrode fabrication procedure on MEAs structural properties and cell performance. Journal of Power Sources 145:495–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, B. P. and V. K. Shahi. 2011. Organic–inorganic nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications. Progress in Polymer Science 36:945–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhm, S. and J. Lee. 2009. Accelerated durability test of DMFC electrodes by electrochemical potential cycling. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 15:661–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe, F. A. and T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr. 2002. A study of polymer electrolyte fuel cell performance at high voltages. Dependence on cathode catalyst layer composition and on voltage conditioning. Electrochimica Acta 47:3799–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varcoe, J. R., R. C. T. Slade, E. L. H. Yee, S. D. Poynton, and D. J. Driscoll. 2007. Investigations into the ex situ methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol permeabilities of alkaline polymer electrolyte membranes. Journal of Power Sources 173:194–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. T., S. Wasmus, and R. F. Savinell. 1996. Real-time mass spectrometric study of the methanol crossover in a direct methanol fuel cell. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 143:1233–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., R. Kumar, and D. J. Myers. 2006. Effect of voltage on platinum dissolution: Relevance to polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9:A225–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., K. S. Chen, J. Mishler, S. C. Cho, and X. C. Adroher. 2011. A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research. Applied Energy 88:981–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, D., J. S. Wainright, U. Landau, and R. F. Savinell. 1996. Electro-osmotic drag coefficient of water and methanol in polymer electrolytes at elevated temperatures. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 143:1260–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongyao, N., A. Therdthianwong, and S. Therdthianwong. 2010. The fading behavior of direct methanol fuel cells under a start-run-stop operation. Fuel 89:971–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, C., A. Faghri, X. Li, and T. Ward. 2010. Methanol and water crossover in a passive liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35:1769–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, S., M. Hall, H. Cao, and P. He. 2006. Degradation resistant cathodes in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. ECS Transactions 3:657–66.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., H. Li, Z. Shi, and J. Zhang. 2010. Effects of hardware design and operation conditions on PEM fuel cell water flooding. International Journal of Green Energy 7:461–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, T. S., R. Chen, W. W. Yang, and C. Xu. 2009. Small direct methanol fuel cells with passive supply of reactants. Journal of Power Sources 191:185–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar