1,394
Views
90
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Environmental policy stringency, renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions: Panel cointegration analysis for BRIICTS countries

&
Pages 568-582 | Received 21 Nov 2019, Accepted 01 Jun 2020, Published online: 17 Jun 2020

References

  • Acheampong, A. O., S. Adams, and E. Boateng. 2019. Do globalization and renewable energy contribute to carbon emissions mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa? Science of the Total Environment 677:436–46. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.353.
  • Akram, R., M. T. Majeed, Z. Fareed, F. Khalid, and H. Ye. in press. Asymmetric effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions of BRICS economies: Evidence from nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lag model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08353-8.
  • Aksoy, T. 2019. Structural reforms and growth in developing countries. Journal of Economic Policy Reform 22 (4):325–50. doi:10.1080/17487870.2018.1424629.
  • Alola, A. A., F. V. Bekun, and S. A. Sarkodie. 2019. Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment 685:702–09. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.139.
  • Ambec, S., A. Cohen, S. Elgie, and P. Lanoie. 2013. The Porter Hypothesis at 20: Can environmental regulation enhances innovation and competitiveness? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 7 (1):2–22. doi:10.1093/reep/res016.
  • Antonietti, R., and F. Fontini. 2019. Does energy price affect energy efficiency? Cross-country panel evidence. Energy Policy 129:896–906. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.069.
  • Apergis, N., J. E. Payne, K. Menyah, and Y. Wolde-Rufael. 2010. On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics 69 (11):2255–60. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014.
  • Arifin, J., and N. Syahruddin. 2011. Causality Relationship between Renewable and Non- Renewable Energy Consumption and GDP in Indonesia. Economics and Finance in Indonesia 59 (1):1–18. doi:10.7454/efi.v59i1.55.
  • Armeanu, D. 2017. Does Renewable Energy Drive Sustainable Economic Growth? Multivariate Panel Data Evidence for EU-28 Countries. Energies 10 (3):381. doi:10.3390/en10030381.
  • Aşici, A. A., and S. Acar. 2018. How does environmental regulation affect production location of non-carbon ecological footprint? Journal of Cleaner Production 178:927–36. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.030.
  • Bekun, F. V., F. Emir, and S. A. Sarkodie. 2019. Another look at the relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in South Africa. Science of the Total Environment 655:759–65. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.271.
  • Bhat, J. A. 2018. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption—impact on economic growth and CO2emissions in five emerging market economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25 (35):35515–30. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3523-8.
  • Bilgili, F., E. Koçak, and Ü. Bulut. 2016. The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54:838–45. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080.
  • Bölüka, G., and M. Mert. 2015. The renewable energy, growth and environmental Kuznets curve in Turkey: An ARDL approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52:587–95. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.138.
  • Botta, E., and T. Koźluk. 2014. Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: A composite index approach, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1177, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/measuring-environmental-policy-stringency-in-oecd-countries_5jxrjnc45gvg-en. Accessed March 2017.
  • Bourcet, C. 2020. Empirical determinants of renewable energy deployment: A systematic literature review. Energy Economics. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104563.
  • British Petroleum. 2018. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html. Accessed June 2018.
  • Chen, Y., Z. Wang, and Z. Zhangqi. 2019. CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy 131:208–16. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047.
  • CICERO. 2018. Center for International Climate Research. http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions. Accessed February 2019.
  • Cohen, M. A., and A. Tubb. 2018. The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Firm and Country Competitiveness: A Meta-analysis of the Porter Hypothesis. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 5 (2):371–99. doi:10.1086/695613.
  • Copeland, B. R., and M. S. Taylor. 1994. North-South trade and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (3):755–87. doi:10.2307/2118421.
  • Costa-Campi, M., P. Rio, and E. Trujillo-Baute. 2017. Trade-offs in energy and environmental policy. Energy Policy 104:415–18. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.053.
  • Damette, O., and A. C. Marques. 2019. Renewable energy drivers: A panel cointegration approach. Applied Economics 51 (26):2793–806. doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1558359.
  • Danish, M. A., N. M. Baloch, J. W. Zhang, and J. W. Zhang. 2019. Effect of natural resources, renewable energy and economic development on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries. Science of the Total Environment 678:632–38. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028.
  • de Angelis, E. M., M. D. Giacomo, and D. Vannoni. 2019. Climate change and economic growth: The role of environmental policy stringency. Sustainability 11 (8):2273. doi:10.3390/su11082273.
  • Dechezleprêtre, A., and M. Sato. 2017. The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 11 (2):183–206. doi:10.1093/reep/rex013.
  • Destek, M. A. 2016. Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: Evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy 95:478–85. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.049.
  • Dinç, D. T., and E. C. Akdoĝan. 2019. Renewable Energy Production, Energy Consumption and Sustainable Economic Growth in Turkey: A VECM Approach. Sustainability 11 (5):1273 1–14.
  • Dogan, E. 2016. Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy 99:1126–36. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.078.
  • Dogan, E., and F. Seker. 2016. Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy. Renewable Energy 94:429–39. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078.
  • Dong, K., G. Hochman, Y. Zhang, R. Sun, and H. Liao. 2017. CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: Empirical evidence across regions. Energy Economics 75:180–92. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017.
  • Esty, D. C., and M. E. Porter. 2005. National environmental performance: An empirical analysis of policy results and determinants. Environment and Development Economics 10 (4):391–434. doi:10.1017/S1355770X05002275.
  • European Environment Agency. 2005. The European environment state and outlook. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/stateenvironment2005/SOER2005_all.pdf. Accessed June 2019.
  • Ferris, A., R. Garbaccio, A. Marten, and A. Wolverton. 2019. The Impacts of Environmental Regulation on the U.S. Economy. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Accessed March 2019.
  • Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF. 2018. The Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment report (GTR). http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/gtr2018v2.pdf. Accessed January 2019
  • Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF. 2019. The Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment report (GTR). http://www.buildup.eu/sites/default/files/content/gtr2018v2.pdf Accessed June 10 2019
  • Gielen, D., F. Boshell, D. Saygin, M. D. Bazilian, N. Wagner, and R. Gorini. 2019. The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews 24:38–50. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006.
  • Guo, Y., S. Xia, and D. Zhang. 2018. Environmental Regulation, Government R&D Funding and Green Technology Innovation: Evidence from China Provincial Data. Sustainability 10 (4):940. doi:10.3390/su10040940.
  • Hao, Y., Y. Deng, Z.-N. Lu, and H. Chen. 2018. Is environmental regulation effective in China? Evidence from city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production 188:966–76. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.003.
  • ILO. 2014. The double dividend and environmental tax reforms in Europe. EC-IILS joint discussion paper series No. 13. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—inst/documents/publication/wcms_194183.pdf. Accessed June 2018.
  • Inglesi-Lotz, R., and E. Dogan. 2018. The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions a panel analysis of sub- Saharan Africa’s Вig 10 electricity generators. Renewable Energy 123:36–43. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.041.
  • IPCC. 2018. Summary for Policymakers. In Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[V, ed.. P. Z. Masson-Delmotte, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, et al., 32, Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
  • Ito, K. 2017. CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics 151:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2017.02.001.
  • Jin, T., and J. Kim. 2018. What is better for mitigating carbon emissions–Renewable energy or nuclear energy? A panel data analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 91:464–71. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.022.
  • Kao, C., and M. Chiang. 2000. On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data. Advances in Econometrics 15:179–222.
  • Khan, Z., Z. Sisi, and Y. Siqun. 2019. Environmental regulations an option: Asymmetry effect of environmental regulations on carbon emissions using non-linear ARDL. Energy Sources, Art A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 41:137–55. doi:10.1080/15567036.2018.1504145.
  • Kim, Y., and D.-E. Rhee. 2019. Do stringent environmental regulations attract foreign direct investment in developing countries? Evidence on the “race to the top” from cross-country panel data. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade 55 (12):2796–808. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2018.1531240.
  • Landrigan, P. J., R. Fuller, N. J. R. Acosta, O. Adeyi, R. Arnold, N. (Nil) Basu, A. B. Baldé, R. Bertollini, S. Bose–O’Reilly, J. I. Boufford, et al. 2018. The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. The Lancet 391 (10119):462–512. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32345-0.
  • Levinson, A., and M. A. Taylor. 2008. Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect. International Economic Review 49 (1):223–54. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x.
  • Li, C. 2019. How does environmental regulation affect different approaches of technical progress?—Evidence from China’s industrial sectors from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production 209:572–80.
  • Li, T., T. Wang, and D. Zhao. 2016. Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: New evidence from dynamic panel analysis. Energy Policy 91:138–47. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.002.
  • Liddle, B. 2018. Consumption-based accounting and the trade-carbon emissions. Energy Economics 69:71–78. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.004.
  • Lin, C. 2019. How does environmental regulation affect different approaches of technical progress?—Evidence from China’s industrial sectors from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production 209:572–80.
  • Liu, Y., Z. Li, and X. Yin. 2018. Environmental regulation, technological innovation and energy consumption—a cross-region analysis in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 203:885–97. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.277.
  • López-Menéndez, A. J., R. Pérez, and B. Moreno. 2014. Environmental costs and renewable energy: Re-visiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Journal of Environmental Management 145:368–73. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.017.
  • Lv, Z., and T. Xu. 2018. Is economic globalization good or bad for the environmental quality? New evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 137:340–43. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.08.004.
  • Maddala, G. S., and S. Wu. 1999. A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 (S1):631–52. doi:10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631.
  • Mardani, A., D. Streimikiene, F. Cavallaro, N. Loganathan, and M. Khoshnoudi. 2019. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. Science of the Total Environment 649:31–49. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.229.
  • Mardones, C., and N. Baeza. 2018. Economic and environmental effects of a CO2 tax in Latin American countries. Energy Policy 114:262–73. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.001.
  • Mert, M., and G. Bölük. 2016. 23:21669–21681. Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26:21495–510.
  • Mert, M., G. Bölük, and A. E. Çağlar. 2019. Interrelationships among foreign direct investments, renewable energy, and CO2 emissions for different European country groups: A panel ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (21):21495–510.
  • Mulatu, A. 2018. Environmental regulation and international competitiveness: A critical review. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 17 (1):41–63. doi:10.1504/IJGENVI.2018.090639.
  • Nguyen, H. K., and M. Kakinaka. 2019. Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and development stages: Some evidence from panel cointegration analysis. Renewable Energy 132:1049–57. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069.
  • OECD. 2016. How stringent are environmental policies? http://www.oecd.org/eco/greeneco/how–stringent–are–environmental–policies.htm Accessed May 2017.
  • OECD. 2018. Osman, M., G. Gachino and A. Hoque, A. 2016. Electricity consumption and economic growth in the GCC countries: Panel data analysis. Energy Policy 98:318–27. https://stats.oecd.org/
  • Ouyang, X., Q. Shao, X. Zhu, H. He, C. Xiang, and G. Wei. 2019. Environmental regulation, economic growth and air pollution: Panel threshold analysis for OECD countries. Science of the Total Environment 657:234–41. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.056.
  • Pao, H.-T., and H.-C. Fu. 2013. Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25:381–92. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004.
  • Pata, U. K. 2018. Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production 187:770–79. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236.
  • Pedroni, P. 1999. Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 11 (s1):183–206. doi:10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14.
  • Pedroni, P. 2004. Panel cointegration: Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory 20 (3):597–625. doi:10.1017/S0266466604203073.
  • Pesaran, M. H. 2007. A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics 22 (2):265–312. doi:10.1002/jae.951.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin, and R. P. Smith. 1999. Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94 (446):621–34. doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156.
  • Peters, G., J. Mix, C. Weber, and O. Endenhofer. 2011. Growth in emissions transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 108 (21):8903–08. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006388108.
  • Pigou, A. C. 1920. The Economics of Welfare. In 4th edition 1938. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • Pinto, G. M., B. Pedroso, J. Moraes, L. A. Pilatti, and C. T. Picinin. 2018. Environmental management practices in industries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa BRICS) from 2011 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production 198:1251–61. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.046.
  • Porter, M. E., and C. van der Linde. 1995. Toward a new conception of the environment– Competitiveness relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (4):97–118. doi:10.1257/jep.9.4.97.
  • Ramanathan, R., Q. He, A. Black, A. Ghobadian, and D. Gallear. 2017. Environmental regulations, innovation and firm performance: A revisit of the Porter hypothesis. Journal of Cleaner Production 155:79–92. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.116.
  • REN21 2018. Renewables 2018. Global Status Report. http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/17-8652_GSR2018_FullReport_web_final_.pdf accessed February, 2019.
  • Revesz, R. L., and R. N. Stavins. 2007. Environmental Law and Policy. Handbook of Law and Economics 1:499–589.
  • Roy, R., and N. Braathen. 2017, The Rising Cost of Ambient Air Pollution thus far in the 21st Century: Results from the BRIICS and the OECD Countries, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 124, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/d1b2b844- accessed July 2018.
  • Sadorsky, P. 2009. Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries. Energy Economics 31 (3):456–62. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010.
  • Salim, R. A., and S. Rafiq. 2012. Why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy? Energy Economics 34 (4):1051–57. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.015.
  • Sarkodie, S. M., and V. Strezov. 2019. A review on Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis using bibliometric and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 649:128–45. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.276.
  • Sebri, M., and O. Ben-Salhab. 2014. On the causal dy1namics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 39:14–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.033.
  • Shahbaz, M., and A. Sinha. 2019. Environmental Kuznets curve for CO emissions: A literature survey. Journal of Economic Studies 46:106–68. doi:10.1108/JES-09-2017-0249.
  • Shahbaz, M., M. Zakaria, S. J. H. Shahzad, and M. K. Mahalik. 2018. The energy consumption and economic growth nexus in top ten energy-consuming countries: Fresh evidence from using the quantile-on-quantile approach. Energy Economics 71:282–301. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.02.023.
  • Shapiro, J. S., and R. Walker. 2018. Why is Pollution from U.S. Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade. Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1982R4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3197387.
  • Sharif, A., S. A. Raza, I. Ozturk, and S. Afshan. 2019. The dynamic relationship of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption with carbon emission: A global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations. Renewable Energy 133:685–91. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052.
  • Sheng, J., W. Zhou, and S. Zhang. 2019. The role of th4e intensity of environmental regulation and corruption in the employment of manufacturing enterprises: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production 219:244–57. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.113.
  • Sugiawan, Y., and S. Managi. 2016. The environmental Kuznets curve in Indonesia: Exploring the potential of renewable energy. Energy Policy 98:187–98. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.029.
  • Taylor, C., S. Pollard, S. Rocks, and A. Angus. 2012. Selecting policy instruments for better environmental regulation: A critique and future research agenda. Environmental Policy and Governance 22:268–92. doi:10.1002/eet.1584.
  • Tiba, S., and A. Omri. 2017. Literature survey on the relationships between energy, environment and economic growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69:1129–46. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.113.
  • Tol, R. S. J. 2009. The economic effects of climate change. Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (2):29–51. doi:10.1257/jep.23.2.29.
  • Tol, R. S. J. 2017. The structure of the climate debate. Energy Policy 104:431–38. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.005.
  • van Leeuwen, G., and P. Mohnen. 2017. Revisiting the Porter hypothesis: An empirical analysis of Green innovation for the Netherlands. Economics of Innovation and New Technology 26 (1–2):63–77. doi:10.1080/10438599.2016.1202521.
  • Waheed, R., S. Sarwar, and C. Wei. 2019. The survey of economic growth, energy consumption and carbon emission. Energy Reports 5:1003–115. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.07.006.
  • Wang, Y., and N. Shen. 2016. Environmental regulation and environmental productivity: The case of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62:758–66. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.048.
  • Wang, Y., Y. Zuo, W. Li, Y. Kang, W. Chen, M. Zhao, and H. Chen. 2019. Does environmental regulation affect CO2 emissions? Analysis based on threshold effect model. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 21:565–77. doi:10.1007/s10098-018-1655-7.
  • Wenbo, G., and C. Yan. 2018. Assessing the efficiency of China’s environmental regulation on carbon emissions based on Tapio decoupling models and GMM models. Energy Reports 4:713–23. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2018.10.007.
  • Westerlund, J. 2007. Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69 (6):709–48. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x.
  • World Bank. 2016. The cost of air pollution: Strengthening the economic case for action. The World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington, Seattle https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25013. Accessed December 2017.
  • World Bank 2018. World Development Indicators. Accessed June 2018.
  • Yin, J., M. Zheng, and J. Chen. 2015. The effects of environmental regulation and technical progress on CO2 Kuznets curve: An evidence from China. Energy Policy 77:97–108. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.008.
  • Zafar, M. W., M. Shahbaz, F. Hou, and A. Sinha. 2019. From non-renewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: The role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Journal of Cleaner Production 212:1166–78. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.081.
  • Zeng, S., Y. Liu, C. Liu, and X. Nan. 2017. A review of renewable energy investment in the BRICS countries: History, models, problems and solutions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74:86–872. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.016.
  • Zhang, H., and K. Xu. 2016. Impact of environmental regulation and technical progress on industrial carbon productivity: An approach based on proxy measure. Sustainability 8:1–15.
  • Zoundi, Z. 2017. CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72:1067–75. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.