CdTe solar cells fabrication and examination techniques: a focused review

References

• Abdallah, B., K. Alnama, and F. Nasrallah. 2019. Deposition of ZnS thin films by electron beam evaporation technique, effect of thickness on the crystallographic and optical properties. Modern Physics Letters B 33 (4):1950034. doi:10.1142/S0217984919500349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberle, A. G. 2000. Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: A review. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 8 (5):473–87. doi:10.1002/1099-159X(200009/10)8:5<473:AID-PIP337>3.0.CO;2-D.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jassim, M., Y. Yan, H. Moutinho, M. Romero, R. Dhere, and K. Jones. 2001. TEM, AFM, and cathodoluminescence characterization of CdTe thin films. Thin Solid Films 387 (1–2):246–50. doi:10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01707-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarasinghe, M., E. Colegrove, H. Moutinho, D. Albin, J. Duenow, S. Johnston, J. Kephart, W. Sampath, M. Al-Jassim, S. Sivananthan, et al. 2018. Influence of CdTe deposition temperature and window thickness on CdTe grain size and lifetime after CdCl 2 recrystallization. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8 (2):600–03. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2790701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aramoto, T., S. Kumazawa, H. Higuchi, T. Arita, S. Shibutani, T. Nishio, J. Nakajima, M. Tsuji, A. Hanafusa, T. Hibino, et al. 1997. 16.0% efficient thin-film CdS/cdte solar cells. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36 (10R):6304. doi: 10.1143/JJAP.36.6304.
   Google Scholar
• Artegiani, E., D. Menossi, H. Shiel, V. Dhanak, J. D. Major, A. Gasparotto, K. Sun, A. Romeo. 2019. Analysis of a novel CuCl2 back contact process for improved stability in CdTe solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 27 (8):706–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Başol, B. M. 1992. Processing high efficiency CdTe solar cells. International Journal of Solar Energy 12 (1–4):25–35. doi:10.1080/01425919208909748.
   Google Scholar
• Bialasiewicz, J. T. 2008. Renewable energy systems with photovoltaic power generators: Operation and modeling. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 55 (7):2752–58. doi:10.1109/TIE.2008.920583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco, G., M. Losurdo, M. M. Giangregorio, A. Sacchetti, P. Prete, N. Lovergine, P. Capezzuto, and G. Bruno. 2015. Direct epitaxial CVD synthesis of tungsten disulfide on epitaxial and CVD graphene. RSC Advances 5 (119):98700–08. doi:10.1039/C5RA19698A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla, S., and E. A. Dalchiele. 1991. Electrochemical deposition and characterization of CdTe polycrystalline thin films. Thin Solid Films 204 (2):397–403. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(91)90078-C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet, D., and P. Meyers. 1998. Cadmium-Telluride—material for thin film solar cells. Journal of Materials Research 13 (10):2740–53. doi:10.1557/JMR.1998.0376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosio, A., S. Pasini, and N. Romeo. 2020. The history of photovoltaics with emphasis on CdTe solar cells and modules. Coatings 10 (4):344. doi:10.3390/coatings10040344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, G. May, 2004. Renewable energy. In Renewable Energy, ed. G. Boyle, 456. Oxford University Press. ISBN-10: 0199261784. ISBN13: 9780199261789.. ISBN13: 9780199261789.
   Google Scholar
• Britt, J., and C. Ferekides. 1993. Thin‐film CdS/cdte solar cell with 15.8% efficiency. Applied Physics Letters 62 (22):2851–52. doi:10.1063/1.109629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buis, C., A. Lohstroh, G. Marrakchi, C. Jeynes, and L. Verger. 2014. Effects of dislocation walls on charge carrier transport properties in CdTe single crystal. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 735:188–92. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, X., P. Chen, and Y. Guo. 2008. Decoration of textured ZnO nanowires array with CdTe quantum dots: Enhanced light-trapping effect and photogenerated charge separation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (51):20560–66. doi:10.1021/jp806645c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çetinkaya, Ç., E. Çokduygulular, B. Kınacı, F. Güzelçimen, Y. Özen, N. A. Sönmez, and S. Özçelik. 2022. Highly improved light harvesting and photovoltaic performance in CdTe solar cell with functional designed 1D-photonic crystal via light management engineering. Scientific Reports 12 (1):1–12. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15078-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran, R., S. K. Panda, and A. Mallik. 2018. A short review on the advancements in electroplating of CuIngase 2 thin films. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7 (2):6. doi:10.1007/s40243-018-0112-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, P., Y. Liu, S.-Y. Chang, T. Li, P. Sun, R. Wang, H.-W. Cheng, T. Huang, L. Meng, S. Nuryyeva, et al. 2019. Efficient tandem organic photovoltaics with tunable rear sub-cells. Joule 3 (2):432–42. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.11.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, G., J. Lee, J. Cha, Y.-J. Kim, Y.-S. Choi, M. Schulz, C. Moon, K. Lim, S. Kim, I. Kang. 2016. A spray-on carbon nanotube artificial neuron strain sensor for composite structural health monitoring. Sensors 16 (8):1171. doi: 10.3390/s16081171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousins, P. J. and M. J. Cudzinovic. 2010. Array of small contacts for solar cell fabrication. ed: Google Patents.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, L., V. Falcao, C. Ferreira, W. Pinheiro, I. Mattoso, and R. Alves. 2008. Manufacturing procedures of a CdS/cdte thin film solar cell. Revista Brasileira de Aplicações de Vácuo 25 (1):15–19.
   Google Scholar
• Dao, V.-D., and H.-S. Choi. 2016. Highly-Efficient plasmon-enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells created by means of dry plasma reduction. Nanomaterials 6 (4):70. doi:10.3390/nano6040070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, P. 1979. Copper, the dominant acceptor in refined, undoped zinc telluride. Journal of Luminescence 21 (1):75–83. doi:10.1016/0022-2313(79)90035-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deivanayaki, S., P. Jayamurugan, R. Mariappan, and V. Ponnuswamy. 2010. Optical and structural characterization of CdTe thin films by chemical bath deposition technique. Chalcogenide Letters 7 (3):159–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Moure-Flores, F., J. G. Quiñones-Galván, A. Guillén-Cervantes, J. S. Arias-Cerón, A. Hernández-Hernández, J. Santoyo-Salazar, J. Santos-Cruz, S. A. Mayén-Hernández, M. de la L Olvera, J. G. Mendoza-Álvarez, et al. 2014. CdTe thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition using powder as target: Effect of substrate temperature. Journal of Crystal Growth 386:27. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.09.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diba, M., D. W. Fam, A. R. Boccaccini, and M. S. Shaffer. 2016. Electrophoretic deposition of graphene-related materials: A review of the fundamentals. Progress in Materials Science 82:83–117. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drews, D., J. Sahm, W. Richter, and D. Zahn. 1995. Molecular‐beam‐epitaxy growth of CdTe on InSb (110) monitored in situ by Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics 78 (6):4060–65. doi:10.1063/1.359862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis, V., G. Khadra, A. Hillion, A. Tamion, J. Tuaillon-Combes, L. Bardotti, and F. Tournus. 2015. Intrinsic magnetic properties of bimetallic nanoparticles elaborated by cluster beam deposition. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17 (42):27996–8004. doi:10.1039/C5CP00943J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnour, O. A. M. 2016. Optical Characterization of Thick Films for Some Oxides Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition. Sudan University of Science and Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Elsheikh, A. H., S. W. Sharshir, M. K. Ahmed Ali, J. Shaibo, E. M. A. Edreis, T. Abdelhamid, C. Du, and Z. Haiou. 2019. Thin film technology for solar steam generation: A new dawn. Solar Energy 177:561–75. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enriquez, J. P., N. Mathews, G. P. Hernández, and X. Mathew. 2013. Influence of the film thickness on structural and optical properties of CdTe thin films electrodeposited on stainless steel substrates. Materials Chemistry and Physics 142 (1):432–37. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.07.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow, R., G. Jones, G. Williams, and I. Young. 1981. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high structural perfection, heteroepitaxial CdTe films on InSb (001). Applied Physics Letters 39 (12):954–56. doi:10.1063/1.92616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, C., W.-J. Yin, J. Nie, X. Zu, M. N. Huda, S.-H. Wei, M. M. Al-Jassim, and Y. Yan. 2012. Possible effects of oxygen in Te-rich Σ3 (112) grain boundaries in CdTe. Solid State Communications 152 (18):1744–47. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2012.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferekides, C., U. Balasubramanian, R. Mamazza, V. Viswanathan, H. Zhao, and D. Morel. 2004. CdTe thin film solar cells: Device and technology issues. Solar Energy 77 (6):823–30. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferekides, C., J. Britt, Y. Ma, and L. Killian. 1993. High efficiency CdTe solar cells by close spaced sublimation. Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1993., Conference Record of the Twenty Third IEEE, Louisville, 389–93. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Ferekides, C. S., D. Marinskiy, V. Viswanathan, B. Tetali, V. Palekis, P. Selvaraj, and D. L. Morel. 2000. High efficiency CSS CdTe solar cells. Thin Solid Films 361:520–26. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00824-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Marquez, J., M. L. Albor-Aguilera, Y. Matsumoto-Kuwabara, M. A. Gonzalez-Trujillo, C. Hernandez-Vasquez, R. Mendoza-Perez, G. S. Contreras-Puente, and M. Tufiño-Velazquez. 2015. Improving CdS/cdte thin film solar cell efficiency by optimizing the physical properties of CdS with the application of thermal and chemical treatments. Thin Solid Films 582:124–27. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2014.10.070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frausto-Reyes, C., J. R. Molina-Contreras, C. Medina-Gutiérrez, and S. Calixto. 2006. CdTe surface roughness by Raman spectroscopy using the 830 nm wavelength. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 65 (1):51–55. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2005.07.082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsche, J., D. Kraft, A. Thißen, T. Mayer, A. Klein, and W. Jaegermann. 2002. Band energy diagram of CdTe thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films 403:252–57. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01528-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh, V., M. Alizadeh, A. Shuhaimi, A. Pandikumar, B. T. Goh, N. M. Huang, and S. A. Rahman. 2015. Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of indium nitride thin films by plasma-assisted reactive evaporation. RSC Advances 5 (22):17325–35. doi:10.1039/C4RA16258G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach, G., and K. Maser. 2016. A self-consistent model for thermal oxidation of silicon at low oxide thickness. Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2016:1–13. doi: 10.1155/2016/7545632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessert, T. A., S.-H. Wei, J. Ma, D. S. Albin, R. G. Dhere, J. N. Duenow, D. Kuciauskas, A. Kanevce, T. M. Barnes, J. M. Burst, et al. 2013. Research strategies toward improving thin-film CdTe photovoltaic devices beyond 20% conversion efficiency. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 119:149–55. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.05.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordillo, G., J. Florez, and L. Hernandez. 1995. Preparation and characterization of CdTe thin films deposited by CSS. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 37 (3–4):273–81. doi:10.1016/0927-0248(95)00020-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorji, N. E., U. Reggiani, and L. Sandrolini. 2015. Numerical analysis of degradation kinetics in CdTe thin films. Solar Energy 118:611–21. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. A. 2007. Thin-Film solar cells: Review of materials, technologies and commercial status. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 18 (1):15–19.
   Google Scholar
• Green, M. A. 2009. The path to 25% silicon solar cell efficiency: History of silicon cell evolution. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 17 (3):183–89. doi:10.1002/pip.892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, D., T. Fang, A. Moore, D. Brinkman, R. Akis, D. Krasikov, I. Sankin, C. Ringhofer, and D. Vasileska. 2016. Numerical simulation of copper migration in single crystal CdTe. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6 (5):1286–91. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2571626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., V. Parikh, and A. D. Compaan. 2006. High efficiency ultra-thin sputtered CdTe solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90 (15):2263–71. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2006.02.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur, I., N. A. Fromer, M. L. Geier, and A. P. Alivisatos. 2005. Air-Stable all-inorganic nanocrystal solar cells processed from solution. Science 310 (5747):462–65. doi:10.1126/science.1117908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, A., R. S. Kovats, D. Campbell-Lendrum, and C. Corvalán. 2006. Climate change and human health: Impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public Health 120 (7):585–96. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallén, A., and M. Linnarsson. 2016. Ion implantation technology for silicon carbide. Surface & Coatings Technology 306:190–93. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.05.075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K., S. Hwang, D. K. Blanks, J. W. Cook, J. F. Schetzina, N. Otsuka, J. P. Baukus, and A. T. Hunter. 1986. Characterization study of a HgTe‐cdte superlattice by means of transmission electron microscopy and infrared photoluminescence. Applied Physics Letters 48 (6):396–98. doi:10.1063/1.96563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiner, H. C., L. Zhao, and H. Hegde. 2012. Mask for increased uniformity in ion beam deposition. ed: Google Patents.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X., S. Han, W. Huang, and X. Liu. 2013. Enhancing solar cell efficiency: The search for luminescent materials as spectral converters. Chemical Society Reviews 42 (1):173–201. doi:10.1039/C2CS35288E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, P., B. Li, L. Feng, J. Wu, H. Jiang, H. Yang, and X. Xiao. December 1, 2012. Effects of the substrate temperature on the properties of CdTe thin films deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Surface & Coatings Technology 213:84–89. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.10.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman, L. 2000. Thermal stability of nitride thin films. Vacuum 57 (1):1–30. doi:10.1016/S0042-207X(00)00143-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ijaz, M., A. Shoukat, A. Ayub, H. Tabassum, H. Naseer, R. Tanveer, A. Islam, and T. Iqbal. 2020. Perovskite solar cells: Importance, challenges, and plasmonic enhancement. International Journal of Green Energy 17 (15):1022–35. doi:10.1080/15435075.2020.1818567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, T., M. Haqnawaz, M. Sultan, M. B. Tahir, M. I. Khan, K. N. Riaz, M. Ijaz, and M. Rafique. 2018. Novel graphene‐based transparent electrodes for perovskite solar cells. International Journal of Energy Research 42 (15):4866–74. doi:10.1002/er.4244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamesh, M. I., P. Li, M. M. Bilek, R. Boxman, D. R. McKenzie, and P. K. Chu. 2015. Evaluation of corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of graded metal carbon film on Ti and NiTi prepared by hybrid cathodic arc/glow discharge plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Corrosion Science 97:126–38. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2015.04.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarkov, A., S. Bereznev, O. Volobujeva, R. Traksmaa, A. Tverjanovich, A. Öpik, and E. Mellikov. 2013. Photo-Assisted electrodeposition of polypyrrole back contact to CdS/cdte solar cell structures. Thin Solid Films 535:198–201. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2013.01.064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, T. B., A. K. Reddy, H. Kelly, R. H. Williams, and L. Burnham. 1993. Renewable energy: Sources for fuels and electricity. Island press.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, D., J. Norman, Y. Wan, S. Liu, R. Herrick, J. Selvidge, K. Mukherjee, A. C. Gossard, and J. E. Bowers. 2019. Recent advances in inas quantum dot lasers grown on on‐axis (001) silicon by molecular beam epitaxy. Physica Status Solidi (A) 216 (1):1800602. doi:10.1002/pssa.201800602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, K., J. Kim, Y. Jin, and P. K. Ajmera. 2015. Low temperature carbon nanotube and hexagonal diamond deposition with photo-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Microsystem Technologies 21 (6):1225–31. doi:10.1007/s00542-014-2163-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karam, A. F., and G. Stremsdoerfer. 1998. A novel dynamic process for chemical reduction plating. Plating and Surface Finishing 85 (1):88–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kartopu, G., O. Oklobia, D. Turkay, D. R. Diercks, B. P. Gorman, V. Barrioz, S. Campbell, J. D. Major, M. K. Al Turkestani, S. Yerci, et al. 2019. Study of thin film poly-crystalline CdTe solar cells presenting high acceptor concentrations achieved by in-situ arsenic doping. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 194:259–67. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2019.02.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathirvel, D., N. Suriyanarayanan, S. Prabahar, and S. Srikanth. 2013. Electrical properties of CdS thin films by vacuum evaporation deposition. International Journal of Physics (IJP) 1 (1):19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kc, D., D. K. Shah, M. S. Akhtar, M. Park, C. Y. Kim, O.-B. Yang, and B. Pant. 2021. Numerical investigation of graphene as a back surface field layer on the performance of cadmium telluride solar cell. Molecules 26 (11):3275. doi:10.3390/molecules26113275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kc, D., D. K. Shah, A. M. Alanazi, and M. S. Akhtar. 2021. Impact of different antireflection layers on cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells: A PC1D simulation study. Journal of Electronic Materials 50 (4):2199–205. doi:10.1007/s11664-020-08696-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshav, R., and M. Mahesha. 2021. Investigation on performance of CdTe solar cells with CdS and bilayer ZnS/cds windows grown by thermal evaporation technique. International Journal of Energy Research 45 (5):7421–35. doi:10.1002/er.6325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairnar, U., D. Bhavsar, R. Vaidya, and G. Bhavsar. 2003. Optical properties of thermally evaporated cadmium telluride thin films. Materials Chemistry and Physics 80 (2):421–27. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00336-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi, T., D. Nakajima, O. Nishinaga, S. Natsui, and R. O. Suzuki. 2015. Porous aluminum oxide formed by anodizing in various electrolyte species. Current Nanoscience 11 (5):560–71. doi:10.2174/1573413711999150608144742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., G. Y. Kim, D.-H. Son, K.-J. Yang, D.-H. Kim, J.-K. Kang, and W. Jo. 2018. High photo-conversion efficiency Cu2ZnSn (S, Se) 4 thin-film solar cells prepared by compound-precursors and metal-precursors. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 183:129–36. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2018.03.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köntges, M., R. Reineke-Koch, P. Nollet, J. Beier, R. Schäffler, and J. Parisi. 2002. Light induced changes in the electrical behavior of CdTe and Cu (In, Ga) Se2 solar cells. Thin Solid Films 403:280–86. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01507-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosyachenko, L., E. Grushko, and X. Mathew. 2012. Quantitative assessment of optical losses in thin-film CdS/cdte solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 96:231–37. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranz, C., M. Ludwig, H. E. Gaub, and W. Schuhmann. 1995. Lateral deposition of polypyrrole lines by means of the scanning electrochemical microscope. Advanced Materials 7 (1):38–40. doi:10.1002/adma.19950070106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, V. S. 2016. Nanocrystalline diamond films growth by microwave ECR CVD: Studies of structural and photoconduction properties. Vacuum 131:259–63. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2016.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumarasinghe, P., A. Dissanayake, B. Pemasiri, and B. Dassanayake. 2017. Thermally evaporated CdTe thin films for solar cell applications: Optimization of physical properties. Materials Research Bulletin 96:188–95. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.04.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumarasinghe, P., A. Dissanayake, B. Pemasiri, and B. Dassanayake. 2017. Variation of optical, structural, electrical and compositional properties of thermally evaporated CdTe thin films due to substrate temperature. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 28 (1):276–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, N. S., and K. C. B. Naidu. 2021. A review on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), materials and applications. Journal of Materiomics 7 (5):940–56. doi:10.1016/j.jmat.2021.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushitashvili, Z., A. Bibilashvili, and N. Biyikli. 2017. Properties of hafnium oxide received by ultra violet stimulated plasma anodization. IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 17 (4):667–71. doi:10.1109/TDMR.2017.2751078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalitha, S., R. Sathyamoorthy, S. Senthilarasu, A. Subbarayan, and K. Natarajan. 2004. Characterization of CdTe thin film—dependence of structural and optical properties on temperature and thickness. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 82 (1–2):187–99. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2004.01.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., D. Liu, B. Lou, X. Hou, and P. Chen. 2016. Relationship between structural modification of aromatic-rich fraction from heavy oil and the development of mesophase microstructure in thermal polymerization process. Energy & Fuels 30 (10):8177–84. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Y. Wang, Y. Yao, Y. Wang, and L. Wang. 2017. Structure and tribological properties of TiSicn coating on Ti6Al4V by arc ion plating. Thin Solid Films 644:115–19. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.09.053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., J. Zheng, X. Chen, C. Sun, H. Jiang, G. Li, and X. Zhang. 2021. Realize larger grain size of CH3NH3PbI3 film with reduced non-radiative recombination for high performance perovskite solar cells via precursor colloidal size engineering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 886:161300. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luschitz, J., B. Siepchen, J. Schaffner, K. Lakus-Wollny, G. Haindl, A. Klein, and W. Jaegermann. 2009. CdTe thin film solar cells: Interrelation of nucleation, structure, and performance. Thin Solid Films 517 (7):2125–31. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2008.10.075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahabaduge, H., W. L. Rance, J. M. Burst, M. O. Reese, D. M. Meysing, C. A. Wolden, J. Li, J. D. Beach, T. A. Gessert, W. K. Metzger, et al. 2015. High-Efficiency, flexible CdTe solar cells on ultra-thin glass substrates. Applied Physics Letters 106 (13):133501. doi: 10.1063/1.4916634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, J., and K. Durose. 2011. Early stage growth mechanisms of CdTe thin films deposited by close space sublimation for solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95 (12):3165–70. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2011.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manimozhi, T., K. Ramamurthi, M. M. A. Sinthiya, A. Karthigeyan, P. V. Bhuvanaswari, and R. R. Babu. 2015. Effect of substrate temperature on the properties of nanocrystalline cdte thin films coated by electron beam evaporation method. International Journal of ChemTech Research 7 (2):950–57.
   Google Scholar
• Mathew, X., J. P. Enriquez, A. Romeo, and A. N. Tiwari. 2004. CdTe/cds solar cells on flexible substrates. Solar Energy 77 (6):831–38. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew, X., G. W. Thompsonb, V. P. Singhc, J. C. McClured, S. Velumania, N. R. Mathewsa, P. J. Sebastian. 2003. Development of CdTe thin films on flexible substrates—a review. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 76 (3):293–303. doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00281-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matin, M., M. M. Aliyu, A. H. Quadery, and N. Amin. 2010. Prospects of novel front and back contacts for high efficiency cadmium telluride thin film solar cells from numerical analysis. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 (9):1496–500. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.02.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCandless, B. E., W. A. Buchanan, C. P. Thompson, G. Sriramagiri, R. J. Lovelett, J. Duenow, D. Albin, S. Jensen, E. Colegrove, J. Moseley, et al. 2018. Overcoming carrier concentration limits in polycrystalline CdTe thin films with in situ doping. Scientific Reports 8 (1):1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32746-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCandless, B., W. K. Metzger, W. Buchanan, G. Sriramagiri, C. Thompson, J. Duenow, D. Albin, S. A. Jensen, J. Moseley, M. Al-Jassim, et al. 2019. Enhanced p-type doping in polycrystalline CdTe films: Deposition and activation. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 9 (3):912–17. doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2902356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, M., K. Murase, T. Hirato, and Y. Awakura. 2003. Electrical properties of CdTe layers electrodeposited from ammoniacal basic electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 150 (6):C413. doi:10.1149/1.1570411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, M., K. Murase, T. Hirato, and Y. Awakura. 2004. Hall effect measurements on CdTe layers electrodeposited from acidic aqueous electrolyte. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 562 (2):247–53. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Acevedo, A. 2006. Can we improve the record efficiency of CdS/cdte solar cells? Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90 (15):2213–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morello, A., J. J. Pla, F. A. Zwanenburg, K. W. Chan, K. Y. Tan, H. Huebl, M. Möttönen, C. D. Nugroho, C. Yang, J. A. van Donkelaar, et al. 2010. Single-Shot readout of an electron spin in silicon. Nature 467 (7316):687–91. doi: 10.1038/nature09392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moutinho, H., F. Hasoon, F. Abulfotuh, and L. Kazmerski. 1995. Investigation of polycrystalline CdTe thin films deposited by physical vapor deposition, close‐spaced sublimation, and sputtering. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 13 (6):2877–83. doi:10.1116/1.579607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munshi, A., A. Abbas, J. Raguse, K. Barth, W. S. Sampath, and J. Walls. 2014. Effect of varying process parameters on CdTe thin film device performance and its relationship to film microstructure. Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 2014 IEEE 40th, Ontario, Canada, 1643–48. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Nakano, R., N. Inoue, and K. Namba. 2016. Low-Oxidation plasma-assisted process. ed: Google Patents.
   Google Scholar
• Nisha, M., K. Vanaja, K. Sanal, K. Saji, P. Aneesh, and M. Jayaraj. 2010. Growth of ITO thin films on polyimide substrate by bias sputtering. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 13 (1):64–69. doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2010.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oladeji, I. O., L. Chow, C. S. Ferekides, V. Viswanathan, and Z. Zhao. 2000. Metal/cdte/cds/cd1− xZnxs/tco/glass: A new CdTe thin film solar cell structure. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 61 (2):203–11. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00114-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey, S., U. Tiwari, R. Raman, C. Prakash, V. Krishna, V. Dutta, and K. Zimik. 2005. Growth of cubic and hexagonal CdTe thin films by pulsed laser deposition. Thin Solid Films 473 (1):54–57. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.06.157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panwar, N., S. Kaushik, and S. Kothari. 2011. Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (3):1513–24. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, H., J. Rathod, K. Patel, and V. Pathak. 2012. Structural and surface studies of vacuum evaporated cadmium telluride thin films. American Journal of Materials Science and Technology 1:11–21.
   Google Scholar
• Płaczek-Popko, E. 2017. Top PV market solar cells 2016. Opto-Electronics Review 25 (2):55–64. doi:10.1016/j.opelre.2017.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punitha, K., R. Sivakumar, C. Sanjeeviraja, and V. Ganesan. 2015. Influence of post-deposition heat treatment on optical properties derived from UV–vis of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin films deposited on amorphous substrate. Applied Surface Science 344:89–100. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M., M. R. Karim, H. F. Alharbi, B. Aldokhayel, T. Uzzaman, and H. Zahir. 2021. Cadmium selenide quantum dots for solar cell applications: A review. Chemistry–an Asian Journal 16 (8):902–21. doi:10.1002/asia.202001369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, K. V., B. Shankar, S. V. Nair, and M. Shanmugam. 2020. Grain/grain‐boundary mediated dispersive photo‐current characteristics in close space sublimated micro‐granular CdTe films. IET Optoelectronics 14 (5):252–55. doi:10.1049/iet-opt.2019.0142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, K., G. Teeter, J. Keane, and R. Noufi. 2005. Properties of high-efficiency CuIngase2 thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films 480:499–502. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravishankar, S., C. Aranda, P. P. Boix, J. A. Anta, J. Bisquert, and G. Garcia-Belmonte. 2018. Effects of frequency dependence of the external quantum efficiency of perovskite solar cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 9 (11):3099–104. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rife, J. L., P. Kung, R. J. Hooper, J. Allen, and G. B. Thompson. 2020. Structural and mechanical characterization of carbon fibers grown by laser induced chemical vapor deposition at hyperbaric pressures. Carbon 162:95–105. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringel, S., A. Smith, M. MacDougal, and A. Rohatgi. 1991. The effects of CdCl2 on the electronic properties of molecular‐beam epitaxially grown CdTe/cds heterojunction solar cells. Journal of Applied Physics 70 (2):881–89. doi:10.1063/1.349652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo, A., E. Artegiani, and D. Menossi. 2018. Low substrate temperature CdTe solar cells: A review. Solar Energy 175:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo, N., A. Bosio, and A. Romeo. 2010. An innovative process suitable to produce high-efficiency CdTe/cds thin-film modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 (1):2–7. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2009.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo, N., A. Bosio, R. Tedeschi, and V. Canevari. 2000. Back contacts to CSS CdS/cdte solar cells and stability of performances. Thin Solid Films 361:327–29. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00765-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saga, T. 2010. Advances in crystalline silicon solar cell technology for industrial mass production. Npg Asia Materials 2 (3):96. doi:10.1038/asiamat.2010.82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaifAddin, B. K., A. Almogbel, C. J. Zollner, H. Foronda, A. Alyamani, A. Albadri, M. Iza, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, J. S. Speck, et al. 2019. Fabrication technology for high light-extraction ultraviolet thin-film flip-chip (UV TFFC) LEDs grown on SiC. Semiconductor Science and Technology 34 (3):035007. doi: 10.1088/1361-6641/aaf58f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salavei, A., D. Menossi, F. Piccinelli, A. Kumar, G. Mariotto, M. Barbato, M. Meneghini, G. Meneghesso, S. Di Mare, E. Artegiani, et al. 2016. Comparison of high efficiency flexible CdTe solar cells on different substrates at low temperature deposition. Solar Energy 139:13–18. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saran, N., K. Parikh, D.-S. Suh, E. Munoz, H. Kolla, and S. K. Manohar. 2004. Fabrication and characterization of thin films of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on flexible plastic substrates. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126 (14):4462–63. doi:10.1021/ja037273p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathyamoorthy, R., S. K. Narayandass, and D. Mangalaraj. 2003. Effect of substrate temperature on the structure and optical properties of CdTe thin film. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 76 (3):339–46. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00286-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. K., K. Devendra, M. Muddassir, M. S. Akhtar, C. Y. Kim, and O.-B. Yang. 2021. A simulation approach for investigating the performances of cadmium telluride solar cells using doping concentrations, carrier lifetimes, thickness of layers, and band gaps. Solar Energy 216:259–65. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A., H. Schade, M. Vanecek, J. Meier, E. Vallat-Sauvain, N. Wyrsch, U. Kroll, C. Droz, and J. Bailat. 2004. Thin‐film silicon solar cell technology. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 12 (2‐3):113–42. doi:10.1002/pip.533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S., J. Bajaj, L. Moudy, and D. Cheung. 1983. Characterization of Te precipitates in CdTe crystals. Applied Physics Letters 43 (1):68–70. doi:10.1063/1.94123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shtereva, K., S. Flickyngerova, V. Tvarozek, I. Novotny, J. Kovac, and A. Vincze. 2012. Characterization of gallium–nitrogen co-doped zinc oxide thin films prepared by RF diode sputtering. Vacuum 86 (6):652–56. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2011.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, V. P., and J. C. McClure. 2003. Design issues in the fabrication of CdS–cdte solar cells on molybdenum foil substrates. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 76 (3):369–85. doi:10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00289-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, K. J., M. Sahni, and M. Rajoriya. 2019. Study of structural, optical and semiconducting properties of TiO2 thin film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. Materials Today: Proceedings 12:565–72.
   Google Scholar
• Sprenger, J. K., H. Sun, A. S. Cavanagh, and S. M. George. 2018. Electron-Enhanced atomic layer deposition of silicon thin films at room temperature. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 36 (1):01A118. doi:10.1116/1.5006696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storm, K., F. Halvardsson, M. Heurlin, D. Lindgren, A. Gustafsson, P. M. Wu, B. Monemar, and L. Samuelson. 2012. Spatially resolved hall effect measurement in a single semiconductor nanowire. Nature Nanotechnology 7 (11):718–22. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundqvist, E., F. Backlund, and D. Chronéer. 2014. What is project efficiency and effectiveness? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 119:278–87.
   Google Scholar
• Talapin, D. V., S. Haubold, A. L. Rogach, A. Kornowski, M. Haase, and H. Weller. 2001. A novel organometallic synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 105 (12):2260–63. doi:10.1021/jp003177o.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiry, D., S. Konstantinidis, J. Cornil, and R. Snyders. 2016. Plasma diagnostics for the low-pressure plasma polymerization process: A critical review. Thin Solid Films 606:19–44. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.02.058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokuda, N. 2019. Homoepitaxial diamond growth by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In Novel aspects of diamond, ed.Y. Nianjun, 1–29. New York City: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Toma, O., L. Ion, M. Girtan, and S. Antohe. 2014. Optical, morphological and electrical studies of thermally vacuum evaporated CdTe thin films for photovoltaic applications. Solar Energy 108:51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2014.06.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynell, T., T. Aizawa, I. Ohkubo, K. Nakamura, and T. Mori. 2016. Deposition of thermoelectric strontium hexaboride thin films by a low pressure CVD method. Journal of Crystal Growth 449:10–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.05.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukoba, K., A. Eloka-Eboka, and F. Inambao. 2018. Review of nanostructured NiO thin film deposition using the spray pyrolysis technique. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82:2900–15. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., S. Du, W. Li, C. Liu, J. Zhang, L. Wu, B. Li, and G. Zeng. 2017. Control of Cu doping and CdTe/te interface modification for CdTe solar cells. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 72:46–51. doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2017.09.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S.-H., and S. Zhang. 2002. Chemical trends of defect formation and doping limit in II-VI semiconductors: The case of CdTe. Physical Review B 66 (15):155211. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.155211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, B. L., J. D. Major, L. Bowen, W. Keuning, M. Creatore, and K. Durose. 2015. A comparative study of the effects of nontoxic chloride treatments on CdTe solar cell microstructure and stoichiometry. Advanced Energy Materials 5 (21):1500554. doi:10.1002/aenm.201500554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. 2004. High-Efficiency polycrystalline CdTe thin-film solar cells. Solar Energy 77 (6):803–14. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.06.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., and P. Sheldon. 2000. A novel manufacturing process for fabricating CdS/cdte polycrystalline thin-film solar cells. United States: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Xia, W., H. Lin, H. N. Wu, C. W. Tang, I. Irfan, C. Wang, and Y. Gao. 2014. Te/cu bi-layer: A low-resistance back contact buffer for thin film CdS/cdte solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 128:411–20. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.06.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, S. 1960. On the electrical and optical properties of p-type cadmium telluride crystals. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 15 (11):1940–44. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.15.1940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, D., A. Cuevas, S. P. Phang, Y. Wan, and D. Macdonald. 2018. 23% efficient p-type crystalline silicon solar cells with hole-selective passivating contacts based on physical vapor deposition of doped silicon films. Applied Physics Letters 113 (6):061603. doi:10.1063/1.5037610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanio, K., and T. Massopust. 1986. Interdiffusion in HgCdte/cdte structures. Journal of Electronic Materials 15 (2):103–09. doi:10.1007/BF02649911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, G., J. Zhang, B. Li, L. Wu, W. Li, and L. Feng. 2015. Effect of deposition temperature on the properties of CdTe thin films prepared by close-spaced sublimation. Journal of Electronic Materials 44 (8):2786–91. doi:10.1007/s11664-015-3739-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., C. Li, M. Chen, X. Yu, Y. Chang, A. Chen, H. Zhu, and Z. Tang. 2016. Growth of aligned ZnO nanowires via modified atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Physics Letters A 380 (47):3993–97. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2016.06.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., Y. Xu, A. Liu, N. Kong, F. Shan, W. Yang, C. J. Barrow, and J. Liu. 2015. Graphene nanodots-encaged porous gold electrode fabricated via ion beam sputtering deposition for electrochemical analysis of heavy metal ions. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 206:592–600. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar