Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac performance at rest and during hand‐grip in bicyclists and weightlifters after Deconditioning period

References

• Schaible , T.F. and Scheuer , J. 1985 . Cardiac adaptations to cronic exercise . Progr. Cardiovasc. Disease , 37 ( 5 ) : 297 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Morganroth , J. , Maron , B.J. , Henry , W.L. and Epstein , S.E. 1975 . Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes . Ann. Intern. Med. , 82 : 521 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoeckx , L. , Abeling , H. , Lambregts , J. , Schmitz , J. , Verstappen , F. and Reneman , R. 1982 . Echocardiographic dimensions in athletes in relation to their training programs . Med. Sci. Sports Exer. , 14 : 428 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keul , J. , Dickhuth , H. , Simon , G. and Lehmann , M. 1981 . Effect of static and dynamic exercise on heart volume, contractility and left ventricular dimensions . Circ. Res. , 48 (supp I) : 162 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Bekaert , I. , Pannier , J.L. , Van De Weghe , C. , Van Durme , J.P. , Clement , D.L. and Pannier , R. 1981 . Non invasive evaluation of cardiac function in professional cyclists . Br. Heart J. , 45 : 213 – 218 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , S. , Byrd , R. , Jayasinghe , M.D. and Jones , D. 1983 . Echocardiographic caracteristics of competitive and recreational weightlifters . J. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound , 2 : 163 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Denemberg , B.S. , Paolone , A. , Spagnuolo , V. , Carabello , B.A. and Spann , J.E. 1984 . Absence of ventricular hypertrophy and normal contractile function in weightlifters . Circulation , 70 (supp II) : 159
   Google Scholar
• De maria , A.N. , Newmann , A. , Lee , G. , Fowler , W. and Mason , D.T. 1978 . Alterations in ventricular mass and performance induced by exercise training in man evaluated by echocardiography . Circulation , 57 : 237 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wieling , W. , Borghols , E.A.M. , Hollander , A.P. , Danner , S.A. and Dunning , A.J. 1981 . Echocardiographic dimensions and maximal oxygen uptake in oarsemen during training . Br. Heart J. , 46 : 190 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roeske , W.R. , O'Rourke , R.A. , Klein , A. , Leopold , G.G. and Karliner , J.S. 1976 . Non invasive evaluation of ventricular hypertrophy in professional athletes . Circulation , 53 : 286 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , L. A. , Cunningham , D. A. , Rechnitzer , P.A. and Nichol , P.M. 1979 . Effects of endurance training on left ventricular dimensions in healthy men . J. Appl. Physiol. , 47 : 207 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshani , A.A. , Hagberg , J.M. and Hickson , R.C. 1978 . Rapid changes in left ventricular dimensions and mass in response to physical conditioning and deconditioning . Am. J. Cardiol. , 42 : 52 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagard , R. , Aubert , A. , Lysens , R. , Staessen , J. , Van Hees , L. and Amery , A. 1983 . Non invasive assessment of seasonal variations in cardiac structure and function in cyclists . Circulation , 67 : 896 – 899 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand , E. , Bile , A. , Ekra , A. , Touze , J.E. and Le Gallais , D. 1987 . Hypertrophie, dilatation et performance cardiaque chez 34 sportifs de haut niveau . Ann. Cardiol. Angeiol. , 36 (2) : 63 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maron , B.J. 1986 . Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography . J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 7 : 190 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J.L. and Segal , K.R. 1986 . Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: an exercise‐echocardiographic study . Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 17 : 695 – 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Oakley , D. 1984 . Cardiac hypertrophy in athletes (editorial) . Br. Heart J. , 52 : 121 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Ikaheimo , M.J. , Palatsi , I.J. and Takkunen , J.T. 1979 . Non invasive evaluation of the athletic heart: sprinters versus endurance runners . Am. J. Cardiol. , 44 : 24 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavel , G.G. , Zimmer , A.M. and Peterson , V.M. 1977 . In “vivo”; labelling of red blood cells with 99 mTc: a new approach to blood pool visualization . J. Nucl. Med. , 18 : 305 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisi , G. , Voegelin , M.R. and Meldolesi , U. 1983 . “ Evaluation of ventricular function: first pass method ” . In Radioisotopes in Cardiology. , Edited by: Salvatore , M. and Porta , E. 89 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Voegelin , M.R. , Bisi , G. and Bartoli , C. 1983 . “ Automatic processing of equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography using factorial analysis ” . In Computers in Cardiology: State of the Art and New Perspectives. , Edited by: Quetglas , G.M. 186 North Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Barletta , G.A. , Fattiroli , G. , Bisi , G. , Bertini , G. , Malfanti , P.L. , Pedenovi , P. , Gallini , C. and Fantini , F. 1983 . Short term responses to cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac function evaluation before and after physical training at rest and during stress test . Eur. Heart J. , 4 : 761 – 773 .
   Google Scholar
• Sahn , D.J. , Maria , A.N. , Kisslo , J. and Weyman , A.E. 1978 . “The committee on M‐mode standardization of the American Society of Echocardiography.”; Recommendations regarding quantitation in M‐mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements . Circulation , 58 : 1072 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux , R.B. and Reichek , N. 1977 . Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man . Circulation , 55 : 613 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , L.J. , Gupta , P.K. , Lichstein , E. and Chadda , K.D. 1980 . The heart of a dancer. Non invasive cardiac evaluation of professional ballet dancers . Am. J. Cardiol. , 45 : 959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uderwood , R.H. and Schwade , J.L. 1977 . Non invasive analysis of cardiac function of elite distance runners echocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and cardiac intervals . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 301 : 297 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Zoneraich , S. , Zoneraich , O. , Rhee , J.J. , Jordan , D. and Appel , J. 1979 . Evaluating the endurance athlete's heart: a non invasive graphic study . Angiology , 30 : 223 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , B.M. , Londeree , B.R. , Cupp , G.V. and Dubiel , J.P. 1978 . The noninvasive cardiac evaluation of long distance runners . Chest , 73 : 376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , T.P. , Puffer , J.C. and Mac Millan Rodney , W.M. 1985 . The athletic heart syndrome . N. Engl. J. Med. , 313 : 24 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folland , E.D. , Parisi , A.F. and Boucher , C. 1983 . “ Assessments of left ventricular function Echocardiography, Radio‐nuclide imaging ” . In Non Invasive Cardiac Imaging. , Edited by: Morganroth , J. , Parisi , A. and Pohost , G.M. 54 – 62 . Chicago : Year Book Medical Publishers Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J.H. 1985 . Cardiovascular control during exercise: central and reflex neural mechanism . Am. J. Cardiol. , 55 : 34D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhurst , J.C. , Kelly , A.R. , Gonyea , W.J. and Mitchell , J.H. 1980 . Echocardiographic ventricular masses in distance runners and weightlifters . J. Appl. Physiol. , 48 : 154 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattinger , W.F. 1984 . the cardiovascular response to chronic physical exertion and exercise training: an echocardiographic review . Am. Heart J. , 108 : 1014 – 1018 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , M.H. , White , D.H. and Amon , K.W. 1979 . Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular size and performance during hand‐grip and supine and upright bicycle exercise . Circulation , 59 : 1188 – 1194 .
   Google Scholar