References
- Abe, K., and Y. Yano. 2009. Comparison of the characteristics of cellulose microfibril aggregates of wood, rice straw and potato tuber. Cellulose 16 (6):1017–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9334-9.
- Achaby, M. E., N. E. Miri, A. Aboulkas, M. Zahouily, E. Bilal, A. Barakat, and A. Solhy. 2017. Processing and properties of eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite films filled with cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse. International Journal of Bioligical Macromoleluces 96:340–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.040.
- Alemdar, A., and M. Sain. 2008. Isolation and characterization of nanofibrils fromagricultural residues-wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresource Technology 99:1664–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.029.
- Azeredo, H. M. C., M. F. Rosa, and L. H. C. Mattoso. 2017. Nanocellulose in bio-based food packaging applications. Industrial Crop Production 97:664–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.013.
- Beltramino, F., M. B. Roncero, T. Vidal, and C. Valls. 2018. A novel enzymatic approach to nanocrystalline cellulose preparation. Carbohydrate Polymers 189:39–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.015.
- Bettaieb, F., R. Khiari, M. L. Hassari, M. N. Belgacem, J. Bras, A. Dufresne, and M. F. Mhenni. 2015. Preparation and characterization of new cellulose nanocrystals from marine biomass Posidonia oceanica. Industrial Crop and Product 72:175–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.038.
- Boluk, Y., R. Lahiji, L. Zhao, and M. T. McDermott. 2011. Suspension viscosities and shape parameter of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 377:297–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.003.
- Chen, L. H., Q. Q. Wang, K. Hirth, C. Baez, U. P. Agarwal, and J. Y. Zhu. 2015. Tailoring the yield and characteristics of wood cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) using concentrated acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 22:1753–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0615-1.
- Chen, W., H. Yu, Y. Liu, P. Chen, M. Zhang, and Y. Hai. 2011. Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers 83 (4):1804–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.040.
- Dong, X. M., J. F. Revol, and D. G. Gray. 1998. Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5:19–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009260511939.
- Dumanli, A. G. 2017. Nanocellulose and its composites for biomedical applications. Current Medicinal Chemistry 24:512–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666161014124008.
- Espinosa, S. C., T. Kuhnt, E. J. Foster, and C. Weder. 2013. Isolation of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals by phosphoric acid hydrolysis. Biomacromolecules 14:1223–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/bm400219u.
- Feng, X., X. H. Meng, J. P. Zhao, M. Miao, L. Y. Shi, S. P. Zhang, and J. H. Fang. 2015. Extraction and preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from dealginate kelp residue: Structures and morphological characterization. Cellulose 22:1763–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0617-z.
- French, A. D. 2014. Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs. Cellulose 21:885–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4.
- French, A. D., and M. S. Cintron. 2013. Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal crystallinity index. Cellulose 20:583–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9833-y.
- Fukuzumi, H., T. Saito, T. Iwata, Y. Kumamoto, and A. Isogai. 2009. Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated Oxidation. Biomacromolecules 10:162–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/bm801065u.
- Habibi, Y., L. A. Lucia, and O. J. Rojas. 2010. Cellulose nanocrystals: Chemistry, self-assembly, and applications. Chemical Reviews 110:3479–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900339w.
- Ilyas, R. A., S. M. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, and E. S. Zainudin. 2018. Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites. Carbohydrate Polymers 202:186–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.002.
- Jiang, F., and Y. Hsieh. 2013. Chemically and mechanically isolated nanocellulose and their self-assembled structures. Carbohydrate Polymers 95:32–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.022.
- Kargarzadeh, H., I. Ahmad, I. Abdullah, A. Dufresne, S. Y. Zainudin, and R. M. Sheltami. 2012. Effects of hydrolysis conditions on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from kenaf bast fibers. Cellulose 19:855–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9684-6.
- Kargarzadeh, H., R. M. Sheltami, I. Ahmad, I. Abdullah, and A. Dufresne. 2015. Cellulose nanocrystal: A promising toughening agent for unsaturated polyester nanocomposite. Polymer 56:346–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.11.054.
- Kian, L. K., M. Jawaid, H. Arif, and Z. Karim. 2018. Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from roselle-derived microcrystalline cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 114:54–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.065.
- Klemm, D., F. Kramer, S. Moritz, T. Lindstrom, M. Ankerfors, D. Gray, and A. Dorris. 2011. Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials. Angewandte Chemie International Ed. In English 50:5438–66.
- Kumar, A., Y. Negi, V. Choudhary, and N. Bhardwaj. 2014. Characterization of cellulose nanocrystals produced by acid-hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse as agro-waste. Journal of Materials Physics and Chemistry 2:1–8.
- Kurihara, T., and A. Isogai. 2015. Mechanism of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril film reinforcement with poly(acrylamide). Cellulose 22:2607–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0680-5.
- Kusmono, M.W. Waziz, and M.N. Ilman. 2019. A preliminary study of extraction and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from ramie fiber. Journal of Materials Processing and Characterization 1:42–46.
- Lamaming, J., R. Hashim, O. Sulaiman, C. P. Leh, T. Sugimoto, and N. A. Nordin. 2015. Cellulose nanocrystals isolated from oil palm trunk. Carbohydrate Polymers 127:202–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.043.
- Lee, B. M., J. P. Jeun, P. H. Kang, J. H. Choi, and S. K. Hong. 2017. Isolation and Characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from different precursor materials. Fibers and Polymers 18:272–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-6548-6.
- Lei, W., C. Fang, X. Zhou, Q. Yin, S. Pan, R. Yang, D. Liu, and Y. Ouyang. 2018. Cellulose nanocrystals obtained from office waste paper and their potential application in PET packing materials. Carbohydrate Polymers 181:376–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.059.
- Li, S., C. Li, C. Li, M. Yan, Y. Wu, J. Cao, and S. He. 2013. Fabrication of nano-crystalline cellulose with phosphoric acid and its full application in a modified polyurethane foam. Polymer Degradation and Stability 98:1940–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.017.
- Lu, P., and Y. Hsieh. 2012. Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. Carbohydrate Polymers 87 (1):564–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.022.
- Luzi, F., E. Fortunati, D. Puglia, M. Lavornga, C. Santullini, J. M. Kenny, and L. Torre. 2014. Optimized extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from pristine and carded hemp fibres. Industrial Crops and Products 56:175–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.006.
- Mansikkamäki, P., M. Lahtinen, and K. Rissanen. 2007. The conversion from cel-lulose I to cellulose II in NaOH mercerization performed in alcohol–watersystems: An X-ray powder diffraction study. Carbohydrate Polymers 68 (1):35–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.07.010.
- Martins, M. A., E. M. Teixeira, A. C. Correa, M. Ferreira, and L. H. C. Mattoso. 2011. Extraction and characterization of cellulose whiskers from commercial cotton fibers. Journal of Materials Science 46:7858–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5767-2.
- Mohanty, A. K., M. Misra, and L. T. Drzal. 2002. Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials World. Journal of Polymer and the Environment 10:19–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021013921916.
- Moon, R. J., A. Martini, J. Nairn, J. Simonsen, and J. Youngblood. 2011. Cellulose nanomaterials review: Structure, properties and nanocomposites. Chemical Society Reviews 40:3941–94.
- Nasri-Nasrabadi, B., T. Behzad, and R. Bagheri. 2014. Extraction and characterization of rice straw cellulose nanofibers by an optimized chemomechanical method. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131:40063–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40063.
- Neto, W. P. F. F., H. A. Silvério, N. O. Dantas, and D. Pasquini. 2013. Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agro-industrial residue-soyhulls. Industrial Crop and Products 42:480–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.041.
- Normand, M. L., R. Moriana, and M. Ek. 2014. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from sprucebark in a biorefinery perspective. Carbohydrate Polymers 111:979–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.092.
- Oun, A. A., and J. W. Rhim. 2016. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from grain straws and their use for the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite films. Carbohydrate Polymers 150:187–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.020.
- Owolabi, A. W. T., G. Arniza, W. W. Daud, and A. F. Alkharkhi. 2016. Effect of alkaline peroxide pre-treatment on microfibrillated cellulose from oil palm fronds rachis amenable for pulp and paper and bio-composite production. BioResources 11:3013–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.3013-3026.
- Reddy, J. P., and J. W. Rhim. 2014. Isolation and characterization of cellulosenanocrystals from garlic skin. Materials Letters 129:20–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.019.
- Rohaizu, R., and W. D. Wanrosli. 2017. Sono-assisted TEMPO oxidation of oil palm lignocellulosic biomass for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 34:631–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.040.
- Sain, M., and S. Panthapulakkal. 2006. Bioprocess preparation of wheat straw fibers and their characterization. Industrial Crops and Products 23:1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.01.006.
- Samir, M. A. S. A., F. Alloin, M. Paillet, and A. Dufresne. 2004. Tangling effect in fibrillated cellulose reinforced nanocomposites. Macromolecules 37:4313–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ma035939u.
- Sanyang, M. L., R. A. Ilyas, S. M. Sapuan, and R. Jumaidin. 2018. Sugar palmstarch-based composites for packaging applications. Bionanocomposites Packaging Application, 125–47.
- Segal, L., J. J. Creely, A. E. Martin, and C. M. Conrad. 1959. An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Textile Research Journal 29:786–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/004051755902901003.
- Sheltami, R. M., I. Abdullah, I. Ahmad, A. Dufresne, and H. Kargarzadeh. 2012. Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from mengkuang leaves (Pandanus tectorius). Carbohydrate Polymers 88 (2):772–79.
- Shen, F., W. Xiao, L. Lin, G. Yang, Y. Zhang, and S. Deng. 2013. Enzymatic saccharification coupling with polyester recovery from cotton-based waste textiles by phosphoric acid pretreatment. Bioresources Technology 130:248–55.
- Silva, G. G. D., M. Couturier, J. G. Berrin, A. Buléon, and X. Rouau. 2012. Effects of grinding processes on enzymatic degradation of wheat straw. Bioresource Technology 103:192–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.073.
- Siqueira, G., J. Bras, and A. Dufresne. 2010. Cellulosic bionanocomposites: A review of preparation, properties and applications. Polymer 2:728–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2040728.
- Tang, H., N. Butchosa, and Q. Zhou. 2015a. A transparent, hazy, and strongmacroscopic ribbon of oriented cellulose nanofibrils bearing poly(ethylene glycol). Advanced Materials 27:2070–76.
- Tang, Y. J., X. C. Shen, J. H. Zhang, D. L. Guo, F. G. Kong, and N. Zhang. 2015b. Extraction of cellulose nano-crystals from old corrugated container fiber using phosphoric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by sonication. Carbohydrate Polymers 125:360–66.
- Voronova, M. I., O. V. Surov, S. S. Guseinov, V. P. Barannikov, and A. G. Zakharov. 2015. Thermal stability of composites of polyvinyl alcohol with nanocrystalline cellulose in its acid and neutralized forms. Carbohydrate Polymers 130:440–47.
- Wang, W. J., W. W. Wang, and Z. Q. Shao. 2014. Surface modification of cellulose nanowhiskers for application in thermosetting epoxy polymers. Cellulose 21:2529–38.
- Wang, Z., Z. Yao, J. Zhou, M. He, Q. Jiang, S. Li, Y. Ma, M. Liu, and S. Luo. 2019. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from pueraria root residue. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 129:1081–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.055.
- Xiao, S., R. Gao, L. Gao, and J. Li. 2016. Poly(vinyl alcohol) films reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) isolated from corn husk by high intensity ultrasonication. Carbohydrate Polymer 136:1027–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.115.
- Xue, Y., Z. Mou, and H. Xiao. 2017. Nanocellulose as a sustainable biomass material: Structure, properties, present status and future prospects in biomedical applications. Nanoscale 9:14758–81.