References
- Based on typical cogeneration values . Levelized costs based on a coal price of 0.5 ¢/kWh, maintenance costs of 0.4 ¢/kWh, a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 15% and an overall efficiency of 75%
- The European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration, A Guide to Cogeneration . 2001 . June available at http://www.cogen.org/publications/reports_and_studies.htm
- Based on typical cogeneration values. Levelized costs based on a gas price of 1.88 ¢/kWh, maintenance costs of 0.55 ¢/kWh, a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 35% and an overall efficiency of 80%
- Energy Nexus Group . 2002 . Technology Characterization Gas Turbines February
- Financial Times Energy—Decentralized Energy
- See note (ii)
- Based on typical cogeneration values. Levelized costs based on a gas price of 1.88 ¢/kWh, maintenance costs of 1.25 ¢/kWh, a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 45% and an overall efficiency of 85%
- See note (v)
- Based on typical values. Levelized costs based on a gas price of 1.88 ¢/kWh, maintenance costs of 1 ¢/kWh, a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 20% and an overall efficiency of 90%
- Based on typical values. Levelized costs based on a gas price of 1.88 ¢/kWh, maintenance costs of 1 ¢/kWh (projected value), a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 25% and an overall efficiency of 80%
- Global Equity Research . An Introduction to Fuel Cells, November 2000 Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Fuel Cell Technology available on-line at http://www.ecn.nl/bct/products/pemfc/principle.en.html
- California Energy Commission . Distributed Energy Resource Guide available at http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/index.html
- Levelized costs based on a gas price of 1.88 ¢/kWh . maintenance costs of 2 ¢/kWh, a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period, an electrical efficiency of 50% and an overall efficiency of 80%
- Casten , Tom and Collins , Martin . Primary Energy Inc. http://www.primaryenergy.com/
- IEA Statistics . 2002 . Electricity Information
- Peter , Frankel . 1999 . Flowing too slowly—Performance and potential of small hydro-power, Renewable Energy World March
- Based on typical values Levelized costs based on a maintenance cost of 0.7 ¢/kWh and a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period
- See note (v)
- Solar Access, Solar Energy Basics available at http://www.solaraccess.com/education/solar.jsp?id=pv
- See note (v)
- Based on typical values Levelized costs based on maintenance costs of 1% of the initial capital investment per annum and a discount rate of 8% with a ten year payback period
- 2002 . Renewable Energy World, Adapted from Germany's PV financing schemes and the market by Ingrid Weiss and Peter Sprau Jan-Feb
- see note (ii)
- 2002 . The European Distributed Energy Service, The Real Costs of Emerging Distributed Energy Technologies June
- California Energy Commission, Distributed Energy Resource Guide available at http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/index.html
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Introduction to CHP technologies available at http://www.epa.gov/CHP/pdf/Intro%20to%20Cat%20of%20Tech.pdf
- Navigant Consulting Inc. The Challenging Face of Renewable Energy, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Energy Technology Factsheet, Small Scale Hydro