References
- Babbie, E. (2002). The basics of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1985). The origins of individual media-system dependency: A sociological framework. Communication Research, 12, 485–510.
- Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (1998). A theory of media power and a theory of media use: Different stories, questions, and ways of thinking. Mass Communication & Society, 1, 5–40.
- Baum, M. A. (2003). Soft news and political knowledge: Evidence of absence or absence of evidence? Political Communication, 20, 173–190.
- Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2006). The Daily Show effect: Candidate evaluations, efficacy, and American youth. American Politics Research, 34, 341–367.
- Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2008). One “nation” under Stephen? The effects of The Colbert Report on American youth. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 622–643.
- Baumgartner, J. C., & Morris, J. S. (2011). Stoned slackers or super citizens? The Daily Show viewing and political engagement of young adults. In A. Amarasingam (Ed.), The Stewart/Colbert effect: Essays on the real impacts of fake news (pp. 63–78). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
- Baym, G. (2007). Representation and the politics of play: Stephen Colbert’s “Better Know a District.” Political Communication, 24, 359–376.
- Beaudoin, C. E., & Thorson, E. (2004). Testing the cognitive mediation model: The roles of news reliance and three gratifications. Communication Research, 31, 446–471.
- Becker, A. B. (2011). Political humor as democratic relief? The effects of exposure to comedy and straight news on trust and efficacy. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 19, 235–250.
- Becker, A. B. (2014). Paying with politics: Online political parody for political humor, anxiety reduction, and implications for political efficacy. Mass Communication & Society, 17, 425–445.
- Becker, A. B., Xenos, M. A., & Waisanen, D. J. (2010). Sizing up The Daily Show: Audience perceptions of political comedy programming. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 18, 144–157.
- Becker, L. B., & Whitney, D. C. (1980). Effects of media dependencies: Audience assessment of government. Communication Research, 7, 95–120.
- Bennett, S. E., Rhine, S. L., Flickinger, R. S., & Bennett, L. L. M. (1999). “Video malaise” revisited: Public trust in the media and government. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 4, 8–23.
- Bill O'Reilly calls viewers of “The Daily Show with Jon Stewart” a bunch of “stoned slackers” and “dopey kids” during interview with Jon Stewart on “The O'Reilly Factor.” (2004, Sept. 30). PR Newswire. Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bill-oreilly-calls-viewers-of-the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-a-bunch-of-stoned-slackers-and-dopey-kids-during-interview-with-jon-stewart-on-the-oreilly-factor-74012397.html
- Brewer, P. R., & Marquardt, E. (2007). Mock news and democracy: Analyzing The Daily Show. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 15, 249–267.
- Cao, X., & Brewer, P. R. (2008). Political comedy shows and public participation in politics. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20, 90–99.
- Compton, J. (2011). Introduction: Surveying scholarship on The Daily Show and The Colbert Report. In A. Amarasingam (Ed.), The Stewart/Colbert effect: Essays on the real impacts of fake news (pp. 9–23). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
- Craig, S. C., Niemi, R. G., & Silver, G. E. (1990). Political efficacy and trust: A report on the NES pilot study items. Political Behavior, 12, 289–314.
- Fahri, P. (2010, August 28). Networks take different paths in covering Glenn Beck “Restoring Honor” rally. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/27/AR2010082704860.html
- Feldman, L. (2013). Learning about politics from The Daily Show: The role of viewer orientation in processing motivations. Mass Communication & Society, 16, 586–607.
- Feldman, L., & Young, D. G. (2008). Late-night comedy as a gateway to traditional news: An analysis of time trends in news attention among late-night comedy viewers during the 2004 presidential primaries. Political Communication, 25, 401–422.
- Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2000). Perceptions of Internet information credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 515–540.
- Ferguson, M. A., Chung, M., & Weigold, M. F. (1985, May). Need of cognition and the dependency components of reliance and exposure: A study of newspaper, magazine, television and radio dependency. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, Honolulu, HI.
- Gray, J., Jones, J. P., & Thompson, E. (2009). The state of satire, the satire of state. In J. Gray, J. P. Jones, & E. Thompson (Eds.) Satire TV: Politics and comedy in the post-network era (pp. 3–36). New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Grossman, S. (2015, December 17). Five times Stephen Colbert changed the world. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/3561636/5-times-stephen-colbert-changed-the-world/
- Guggenheim, L., Kwak, N., & Campbell, S. W. (2011). Nontraditional news negativity: The relationship of entertaining political news use to political cynicism. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23, 287–314.
- Halper, K. (2015, October 9). Trevor Noah says he’s not a political progressive. He’d be funnier if he were. The Nation. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/article/trevor-noah-says-hes-not-a-political-progressive-hed-be-funnier-if-he-were/
- Hartenstein, M. (2010, October 31). Jon Stewart’s “Rally to Restore Sanity” drew 200,000, beating estimate attendance at Glenn Beck’s. New York Daily News. Retrieved from http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/jon-stewart-rally-restore-sanity-drew-200-000-beating-estimated-attendance-glenn-beck-article-1.188108
- Hoffman, L. H., & Thomson, T. L. (2009). The effect of television viewing on adolescents’ civic participation: Political efficacy as a mediating mechanism. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53, 3–21.
- Holbert, R. L., Hmielowski, J., Jain, P., Lather, J., & Morey, A. (2011). Adding nuance to the study of political humor effects: Experimental research on Juvenalian satire versus Horatian satire. American Behavioral Scientist, 55, 187–211.
- Jeffres, L. W. (1997). Mass media effects (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2000a). Democracy’s rebirth or demise? The influence of the Internet on political attitudes. In D. A. Schultz (Ed.), It’s show time! Media, politics, and popular culture (pp. 209–228). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2000b). Using is believing: The influence of reliance on the credibility of online political information among politically interested Internet users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 865–879.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2002). Webelievability: A path model examining how convenience and reliance predict online credibility. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 619–642.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2004). Wag the blog: How reliance on traditional media and the Internet influence perceptions of credibility of weblogs among blog users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 622–642.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2010). Choosing is believing? How web gratifications and reliance affect Internet credibility among politically interested users. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 18, 1–21.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2013a). The dark side of the boon? Credibility, selective exposure and the proliferation of online sources of political information. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1862–1871.
- Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2013b). Putting out fire with gasoline: Testing the Gamson hypothesis on media reliance and political activity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57, 456–481.
- Jones, J. P. (2010). Entertaining politics: Satiric television and political engagement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Kaye, B. K. (2005). It’s a blog, blog, blog, blog world: Users and uses of weblogs. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13, 73–95.
- Kaye, B. K. (2007). Blog use motivations: An exploratory study. In M. Tremayne (Ed.), Blogging, citizenship, and the future of media (pp. 127–148). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2011). Hot diggity blog: A cluster analysis examining motivations and other factors for why people judge different types of blogs as credible. Mass Communication & Society, 14, 236–263.
- Keeter, S. (2009, February). New tricks for old—and new—dogs. Keynote address to the 31st Annual Research Symposium, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
- Knight, C. A. (2004). The literature of satire. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- LaMarre, H. L., Landreville, K. D., & Beam, M. A. (2009). The irony of satire: Political ideology and the motivation to see what you want to see in The Colbert Report. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14, 212–231.
- Leshner, G., & Thorson, E. (2000). Overreporting voting: Campaign media, public mood, and the vote. Political Communication, 17, 263–278.
- Maglio, T. (2015, November 1). How Trevor Noah’s “Daily Show” is beating Jon Stewart’s. The Wrap. Retrieved from https://www.thewrap.com/trevor-noah-first-month-daily-show-comedy-central-michele-ganeless-digital-tv-ratings-twitter/
- McClennen, S. A. (2015, November 13). Trevor Noah has cratered “The Daily Show.” Salon. Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/2015/11/13/trevor_noah_has_cratered_the_daily_show_he_has_no_bite_no_message_and_has_let_fox_news_off_the_hook/
- McLeod, J. M., Glynn, C. J., & McDonald, D. G. (1983). Issues and images: The influence of media reliance in voting decisions. Communication Research, 10, 37–57.
- Miller, M. M., & Reese, S. D. (1982). Media dependency as interaction. Communication Research, 9, 227–248.
- Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Kiley, J., & Matsa, K. A. (2014). Section 1: Media sources: Distinct favorites emerge on the left and right. Pew Research. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/section-1-media-sources-distinct-favorites-emerge-on-the-left-and-right/
- Morreale, J. (2009). Jon Stewart and The Daily Show: I thought you were going to be funny. In J. Gray, J. P. Jones, & E. Thompson (Eds.), Satire TV: Politics and comedy in the post-network era (pp. 104–123). New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Morreall, J. (2010). Comic vices, comic virtues. International Journal of Humor Research, 23, 1–26.
- Morris, J. S. (2009). The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and audience attitude change during the 2004 party conventions. Political Behavior, 31, 79–102.
- Pelika, S. L. (2009, August). Mesopotamia or Mess O’Potamia? Comparing “mainstream” and Daily Show coverage of the buildup to the Iraq War. Paper presented to the APSA Political Communication preconference, Toronto, Canada.
- Pew Research Center. (2011). Beyond red vs. blue: Political typology. Retrieved from http://people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/Beyond-Red-vs-Blue-The-Political-Typology.pdf
- Pew Research Center. (2012). In changing news landscape even television in vulnerable: Trend in news consumption: 1991-2012. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2012/09/27/in-changing-news-landscape-even-television-is-vulnerable/
- Prior, M. (2009). Improving media effects research through better measurement of news exposure. Journal of Politics, 71, 893–908.
- Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2008). Journalism, satire or just laughs? “The Daily Show with Jon Stewart,” examined. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/node/10953
- S. M. (2015, October 4). So how is Trevor Noah? The Daily Show after Jon Stewart. Prospero blog. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/10/daily-show-after-jon-stewart
- Schimkowitz, M. (2013, September 23). ‘The ½ Hour News Hour’; How Fox News’s “Daily Show” did to comedy what Fox news does to news. Splitsider.com. Retrieved from http://splitsider.com/2013/09/the-12-hour-news-hour-how-fox-newss-daily-show-did-to-comedy-what-fox-news-did-to-news/
- Smith, A. (2009, April 15). The Internet’s role in campaign 2008. Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/6–The-Internets-Role-in-Campaign-2008/3–The-Internet-as-a-Source-of-Political-News/5–Long-tail.aspx?r=1
- Smith, A. (2011). The Internet and campaign 2010. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2011/Internet and Campaign 2010.pdf
- Smith, A., Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. (2009). The Internet and civic engagement. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/15–The-Internet-and-Civic-Engagement.aspx
- Stetler, B. (2015). Will Trevor Noah be a liberal icon? CNN Money. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/video/media/2015/09/25/trevor-noah-jon-stewart-liberal-daily-show.cnnmoney?utm_source=charybd.com&utm_medium=link&utm_compaign=article
- Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556–576.
- Stroud, N. J., & Muddiman, A. (2013). Selective exposure, tolerance, and satirical news. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25, 271–290.
- Television Academy. (2015). The Colbert Report. Retrieved from http://www.emmys.com/shows/colbert-report
- Television Academy. (2015). The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Retrieved from http://www.emmys.com/shows/daily-show-jon-stewart
- Therese, M. (2004, Sept. 20). O'Reilly: Daily Show viewers are drunken, stoned slackers. NewsHounds. Retrieved from http://www.newshounds.us/2004/09/20/oreilly_daily_show_viewers_are_drunken_stoned_slackers.php
- Young, D. G. (2004). Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48, 2–22.
- Young, D. G., & Esralew, S. E. (2011). Jon Stewart a heretic? Surely you jest: Political participation and discussion among viewers of late-night comedy programming. In A. Amarasingam (Ed.), The Stewart/Colbert effect: Essays on the real impacts of fake news (pp. 99–116). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
- Young, D. G., & Tisinger, R. (2006). Dispelling late-night myths: News consumption among late-night comedy viewers and the predictors of exposure to various late-night shows. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11, 113–134.
- Zhou, S., & Sloan, W. D. (2011). Research methods. Northport, AL: Vision Press.