Beyond the differential gains model: the effects of authoritarian orientation, social media use, and political discussion on political participation in Taiwan and South Korea

References

• Adler, R. P., & Goggin, J. (2005). What do we mean by civic engagement? Journal of Transformative Education, 3(3), 236–253. doi:10.1177/1541344605276792
   Google Scholar
• Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York, NY: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Antlöv, H., Antlov, H., & Ngo, T. W. (Eds.). (2000). The cultural construction of politics in Asia (No. 2). London: Cruzon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baek, Y. M. (2014). Political mobilization through social network sites: The mobilizing power of political messages received from SNS friends. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2009). Does internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. doi:10.1080/10584600902854363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae, Y., Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2019). Meta-analysis of the relationship between Internet use and political participation: Examining main and moderating effects. Asian Journal of Communication, 29(1), 35–54. doi:10.1080/01292986.2018.1499121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M., Wu, X., Hao, Y., Xi, R., & Jin, T. (2012). Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young Chinese citizens: The moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of Weibo. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(7), 345–349. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. (2017). WeChat use among Chinese college students: Exploring gratifications and political engagement in China. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 10(1), 25–43. doi:10.1080/17513057.2016.1235222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y., Liang, J., & Leung, L. (2015). Social network service use on mobile devices: An examination of gratifications, civic attitudes and civic engagement in China. New Media and Society, 17(7), 1096–1116. doi:10.1177/1461444814521362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, J. (1989). From authoritarianism to democracy in South Korea. Political Studies, 37(2), 244–259. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb01481.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, P. (2005). The internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Political Communication, 22(2), 147–162. doi:10.1080/10584600590933160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L., (2001, April 6–7). How democratic is Taiwan? Five key challenges for democratic development and consolidation. Paper for the Symposium on ‘The Transition from One-Party Rule: Taiwan’s New Government and Cross-Strait Relations’, Columbia University, Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/papers/papers/taiwan.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Diller, E. C. (2001). Citizens in service: The challenge of delivering civic engagement training to national service programs. Washington, DC: Corporation for National and Community Service.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. (1989). Authoritarianism and group identification: A new view of an old construct. Political Psychology, 63–84. doi:10.2307/3791588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 205–224. doi:10.1111/jcom.2009.59.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, S. E., & Smith, A. E. (2011). Civic education, political discussion, and the social transmission of democratic knowledge and values in a new democracy: Kenya 2002. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 417–435. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00493.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, S. C., & Lee, A. (2000). Value change and democratic reform in Japan and Korea. Comparative Political Studies, 33(5), 626–659. doi:10.1177/0010414000033005003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, S. C., & Lee, A. R. (2003). The new politics, culture wars, and the authoritarian-libertarian value change in advanced industrial democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 36(3), 235–270. doi:10.1177/0010414002250664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2014). Freedom in the world 2014. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2014
   Google Scholar
• Fu, D., & Distelhorst, G. (2018). Grassroots participation and repression under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping. China Journal, 79(1), 100–122. doi:10.1086/694299
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, D., Valenzuela, S., & Katz, J. E. (2017). We face, I tweet: How different social media influence political participation through collective and internal efficacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(6), 320–336. doi:10.1111/jcc4.2017.22.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, B. W., & Scheufele, D. A. (2005). Examining differential gains from internet use: Comparing the moderating role of talk and online interactions. Journal of Communication, 55(1), 71–84. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02659.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, K., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Ljungberg, E. (2013). Age and the effects of news media attention and social media use on political interest and participation: Do social media function as leveller?. European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 19–34. doi:10.1177/0267323112465369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, Y. P., & Li, M. H. (2014). Online political participation, civic talk, and media multiplexity: How Taiwanese citizens express political opinions on the Web. Information Communication and Society, 17(1), 26–44. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.833278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. (1991). Democracy’s Third Wave. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12–34. doi:10.1353/jod.1991.0016
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, J. J. (2009). Maintaining popular support for the Chinese communist party: The influence of education and the state-controlled media. Political Studies, 57(3), 517–536. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00740.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. Y. (2006a). The impact of Internet use patterns on political engagement: A focus on online deliberation and virtual social capital. Information Polity, 11(1), 35–49. doi:10.3233/IP-2006-0087
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. (2006b). Civil society and democratization in South Korea. In Korean Society (pp. 65–84). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Hsu, S. H., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Influence of social media use on discussion network heterogeneity and civic engagement: The moderating role of personality traits. Journal of Communication, 63(3), 498–516. doi:10.1111/jcom.12034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinger, U., & Svensson, J. (2015). The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach. New Media and Society, 17(8), 1241–1257. doi:10.1177/1461444814522952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. L. F. (2009). The impact of political discussion in a democratizing society: The moderating role of disagreement and support for democracy. Communication Research, 36(3), 379–399. doi:10.1177/0093650209333027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan, G., Graeff, E., Ananny, M., Gaffney, D., Pearce, I., & Boyd, D. (2011). The revolutions were tweeted: Information flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. International Journal of Communication, 5, 31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey, A. (2012). Why (or why not), when and how to replicate research. In G. Porte (Ed.), Replication research in applied linguistics (pp. 21–46). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315–336. doi:10.1080/105846099198659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Means, G. P. (1996). Soft authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore. Journal of Democracy, 7(4), 103–117. doi:10.1353/jod.1996.0065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed Nasir, K., & Turner, B. S. (2013). Governing as gardening: Reflections on soft authoritarianism in Singapore. Citizenship Studies, 17(3–4), 339–352. doi:10.1080/13621025.2012.707005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier, J., & Jost, J. (2008). The antidemocratic personality revisited: A cross national investigation of working class authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 64(3), 595–617. doi:10.1111/josi.2008.64.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C., & Scheufele, D. A. (2004). Political talk as a catalyst for online citizenship. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 877–896. doi:10.1177/107769900408100410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattie, C., Seyd, P., & Whiteley, P. (2003). Citizenship and civic engagement: Attitudes and behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), 443–468. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.00435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, D. (1994). Singapore, China, and the “Soft Authoritarian” challenge. Asian Survey, 34(3), 231–242. doi:10.2307/2644982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A. (2002). Examining differential gains from mass media and their implications for participatory behavior. Communication Research, 29(1), 46–65. doi:10.1177/009365020202900103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D., McLeod, J., & Yoon, S. (2001). Communication, context, and community: An exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences. Communication Research, 28(4), 464–506. doi:10.1177/009365001028004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32(5), 531–565. doi:10.1177/0093650205279209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing, M. (2005). Public support for democracy in Hong Kong. Democratization, 12(2), 244–261. doi:10.1080/13510340500069394
   Google Scholar
• Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media, political expression, and participation in Confucian Asia. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 331–347. doi:10.1080/17544750.2016.1143378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. R. (2008). Dialogue in agony: The problem of communication in authoritarian regimes. Communication Theory, 18(1), 160–185. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00318.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. F. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773. doi:10.1177/0894439313490625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsatsou, P., & Zhao, Y. (2016). A “two-level social capital analysis” of the role of online communication in civic activism: Lessons from the role of Facebook in the sunflower movement. Social Media and Society, 2(4), 1-16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & Gil De Zúñiga, H. (2012). Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 163–184. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagle, U. R. (2006). Political participation and civic engagement in Kathmandu: An empirical analysis with structural equations. International Political Science Review, 27(3), 301–322. doi:10.1177/0192512106064464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., & Shen, F. (2018). Perceived party polarization, news attentiveness, and political participation: A mediated moderation model. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(6), 620–637. doi:10.1080/01292986.2018.1494204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, W. C. (2014). Facebook political communication in Taiwan: 1.0/2.0 messages and election/post-election messages. Chinese Journal of Communication, 7(1), 19–39. doi:10.1080/17544750.2013.816754
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos, M., & Moy, P. (2007). Direct and differential effects of the internet on political and civic engagement. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 704–718. doi:10.1111/jcom.2007.57.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xenos, M., Vromen, A., & Loader, B. D. (2014). The great equalizer? Patterns of social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies. Information Communication & Society, 17(2), 151–167. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2017). Alternative views and eroding support: The conditional indirect effects of foreign media and internet use on regime support in China. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 29(3), 406–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2015). Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: Examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation. New Media and Society, 17(6), 880–898. doi:10.1177/1461444813518390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C. H. (2005). The evolving party system in Taiwan, 1995-2004. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 40(1–2), 105–123. doi:10.1177/0021909605052947
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W. (2012). The effects of political news use, political discussion and authoritarian orientation on political participation: Evidences from Singapore and Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 22(5), 474–492. doi:10.1080/01292986.2012.701313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X. (2009). The political blogosphere in China: A content analysis of the blogs regarding the dismissal of Shanghai leader Chen Liangyu. New Media & Society, 1(6), 1003–1022. doi:10.1177/1461444809336552
   Google Scholar