REFERENCES
- Agliata , D. and Tantleff-Dunn , S. 2004 . The impact of media exposure on males' body image. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 32 ( 1 ) : 7 – 22 .
- Batra , R. and Ray , M. L. 1983 . “ Conceptualizing involvement as depth and quality of cognitive response. ” . In Advances in consumer research: Vol. 10. , Edited by: Bagozzi , R. P. and Tybout , A. M. 309 – 313 . Ann Arbor, MI : Association for Consumer Research .
- Bessenoff , G. R. 2006 . Can the media affect us? Social comparison, self-discrepancy, and the thin ideal. . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 30 ( 3 ) : 239 – 251 .
- Botta , R. 1999 . Television images and adolescent girls' body image disturbance. . Journal of Communication , 49 ( 2 ) : 22 – 41 .
- Botta , R. 2000 . The mirror of television: A comparison of black and white adolescents' body image. . Journal of Communication , 50 ( 3 ) : 144 – 159 .
- Brodie , D. and Slade , P. 1988 . The relationship between body-image and body-fat in adult women. . Psychological Medicine , 18 ( 3 ) : 623 – 631 .
- Brodie , D. , Slade , P. and Riley , V. 1991 . Sex differences in body image perceptions. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 72 ( 1 ) : 73 – 74 .
- Brown , T. , Cash , T. and Lewis , R. 1989 . Body image disturbances in adolescent female binge-purgers: A brief report of the results of national survey in the USA. . Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 30 ( 4 ) : 605 – 613 .
- Buck , R. 1988 . Human motivation and emotion. , New York : Wiley .
- Buck , R. 1990 . William James and current issues in emotion, cognition, and communication. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 16 ( 4 ) : 612 – 625 .
- Buck , R. , Chaudhuri , A. , Georgson , M. and Kowta , S. 1995 . Conceptualizing and operationalizing affect, reason, and involvement in persuasion: The ARI model and the CASC scale. . Advances in Consumer Research , 22 : 440 – 447 .
- Chaiken , S. 1980 . Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 ( 5 ) : 752 – 766 .
- Chaudhuri , A. and Buck , R. 1995 . Media differences in rational and emotional responses to advertising. . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 39 : 109 – 125 .
- Festinger , L. 1954 . A theory of social comparison. . Human Relations , 7 : 117 – 140 .
- Franzoi , S. and Shields , S. 1984 . The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 48 : 173 – 178 .
- Goethals , G. 1986 . Social comparison theory: Psychology from the lost and found. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 12 ( 3 ) : 261 – 278 .
- Gordon , R. A. 1990 . Anorexia and bulimia: Anatomy of a social epidemic. , New York : Blackwell .
- Harrison , K. 2000 . The body electric: Thin-ideal media and eating disorders in adolescents. . Journal of Communication , 50 ( 3 ) : 119 – 143 .
- Harrison , K. and Cantor , J. 1997 . The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. . Journal of Communication , 47 : 40 – 67 .
- Kilbourne , J. 1994 . “ Still killing us softly: Advertising and the obsession with thinness. ” . In Feminist perspectives on eating disorders , Edited by: Fallon , P. , Katzman , M. A. and Wooley , S. C. 395 – 418 . New York : Guilford .
- Kruglanski , A and Mayseless , O. 1990 . Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective. . Psychological Bulletin , 108 : 195 – 208 .
- Krugman , H. E. 1965 . The impact of television advertising: Learning without involvement. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 29 : 349 – 356 .
- Leit , R. A. , Gray , J. J. and Pope , H. G. Jr. 2002 . The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia? . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 31 : 334 – 338 .
- Morrison , T. G. 2005 . Mirror, mirror on the wall, men are dissatisfied after all. . Visions Journal , 2 ( 5 ) : 9 – 11 .
- Morrison , T. G. , Morrison , M. A. and Hopkins , C. 2003 . Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian males. . Psychology of Men and Masculinity , 4 : 111 – 120 .
- Myers , P. and Biocca , F. 1992 . The elastic body image: The effect of television advertising and programming on body image distortion in young women. . Journal of Communication , 42 ( 3 ) : 108 – 133 .
- Newman , L. and Dodd , D. 1995 . Self-esteem and magazine reading among college students. . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 81 : 161 – 162 .
- Nezlek , J. 1999 . Body image and day-to-day social interaction. . Journal of Personality , 67 ( 5 ) : 793 – 817 .
- Petty , R. and Cacioppo , J. 1986 . Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. , New York : Springer-Verlag .
- Pope , H. G. , Jr. , Olivardia , R. , Gruber , A. and Borowiecki , J. 1999 . Evolving ideals of male body image as seen through action toys. . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 26 : 65 – 72 .
- Reichert , T. , Lambiase , J. , Morgan , S. , Carstarphen , M. and Zavoina , S. 1999 . Cheesecake and beefcake: No matter how you slice it, sexual explicitness in advertising continues to grow. . Journal of Mass Communication Quarterly , 76 ( 1 ) : 7 – 20 .
- Richins , M. 1991 . Social comparison and idealized images of advertising. . Journal of Consumer Research , 18 : 71 – 83 .
- Richins , M. 1996 . “ Materialism, desire, and discontent. ” . In Marketing and consumer research in public interest , Edited by: Hill , R. 109 – 132 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Sohn, S., & Jonason, P. (2002, July). Male body image: the role of social comparison and muscle media in men's body perception and satisfaction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communications Association, Seoul, South Korea.
- Thompson , M. A. and Gray , J. J. 1995 . Development and validation of a new body-image assessment scale. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 64 ( 2 ) : 258 – 269 .
- Tiggemann , M. 2004 . The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 23 ( 1 ) : 23 – 44 .
- Tucker , D. 1981 . Lateral brain function, emotion, and conceptualization. . Psychological Bulletin , 89 : 19 – 46 .
- Wood , J. 1989 . Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. . Psychological Bulletin , 106 : 231 – 248 .
- Wood , J. and Taylor , K. 1991 . “ Serving self-relevant goals through social comparison. ” . In Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research , Edited by: Suls , J. and Wills , T. A. 23 – 49 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .