REFERENCES
- Lusa , S. , Louhevaara , V. and Kinnunen , K. 1994 . Are the job demands on physical work capacity equal for young and aging fire-fighters . J. Occup. Med. , 36 : 70 – 74 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8138852 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=8138852&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Occup%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+36%5BVolume%5D+AND+70%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1994%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Lusa%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Baker , S. J. , Grice , J. , Roby , L. and Matthews , C. 2000 . Cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory response of working in fire-fighter protective clothing in a temperate environment . Ergonomics , 43 : 1350 – 1358 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11014757 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=11014757&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+43%5BVolume%5D+AND+1350%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+2000%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Baker%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Austin , C. C. , Dussault , G. and Ecobihon , D. J. 2001 . Municipal firefighter exposure groups, time spent at fires and use of self-contained-breathing-apparatus . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 40 : 683 – 692 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10023 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11757045 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=11757045&Session=&searchQuery=Am%2E+J%2E+Ind%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+40%5BVolume%5D+AND+683%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+2001%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Austin%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- White , M. K. , Vercruyssen , M. and Hodous , T. K. 1989 . Work tolerance and subjective responses to wearing protective clothing and respirators during physical work . Ergonomics , 32 : 1111 – 1123 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2806234 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=2806234&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+32%5BVolume%5D+AND+1111%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1989%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+White%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Carter , J. B. , Banister , E. W. and Morrison , J. B. 1999 . Effectiveness of rest pauses and cooling in alleviation of heat stress during simulated fire-fighting activity . Ergonomics , 42 : 299 – 313 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401399185667 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10024849 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=10024849&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+42%5BVolume%5D+AND+299%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1999%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Carter%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Smith , D. L. , Petruzzello , S. J. , Kramer , J. M. , Warner , S. E. , Bone , B. G. and Misner , J. E. 1995 . Selected physiological and psychobiological responses to physical activity in different configuratons of firefighting gear . Ergonomics , 38 : 2065 – 2077 .
- McLellan , T. M. , Jacobs , I. and Bain , J. B. 1993 . Influence of temperature and metabolic rate on work performance with Canadian forces NBC clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 587 – 594 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8357310 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=8357310&Session=&searchQuery=Aviat%2E+Space+Environ%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+64%5BVolume%5D+AND+587%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1993%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+McLellan%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Nunneley , S. A. 1988 . “ Design and evaluation of clothing for protection from heat stress: An overview ” . In Environmental Ergonomics: Sustaining Human Performance in Harsh Environments , Edited by: Morrison , J. B. 87 – 89 . Philadelphia , Pa. : Taylor & Francis .
- Givoni , B. and Goldman , R. M. 1972 . Predicting rectal temperature response to work, environment, and clothing . J. Appl. Physiol. , 32 : 812 – 822 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5034345 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=5034345&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+32%5BVolume%5D+AND+812%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1972%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Givoni%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Duncan , H. W. , Gardner , G. W. and Barnard , R. J. 1979 . Physiological responses of men working in fire fighting equipment in the heat . Ergonomics , 22 : 521 – 527 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=520284 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=520284&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+22%5BVolume%5D+AND+521%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1979%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Duncan%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Smith , D. L. , Petruzzello , S. J. , Kramer , J. M. and Misner , J. E. 1996 . Physiological, psychophysical, and psychological responses of firefighters to firefighting training drills . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 67 : 1063 – 1068 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8908345 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=8908345&Session=&searchQuery=Aviat%2E+Space+Environ%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+67%5BVolume%5D+AND+1063%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1996%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Smith%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Smith , D. L. , Petruzzello , S. J. , Kramer , J. M. and Misner , J. E. 1997 . The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill . Ergonomics , 40 : 500 – 510 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9140209 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=9140209&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+40%5BVolume%5D+AND+500%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1997%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Smith%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Smith , D. L. , Manning , T. S. and Petruzzello , S. J. 2001 . Effect of strenuous live-fire drills on cardiovascular and psychological responses of recruit firefighters . Ergonomics , 44 : 244 – 254 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130010000910 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11219758 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=11219758&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+44%5BVolume%5D+AND+244%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+2001%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Smith%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Romet , T. and Frim , J. 1987 . Physiological responses of fire fighting activities . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 56 : 633 – 638 .
- Faff , J. and Tutak , T. 1989 . Physiological responses to working with fire fighting equipment in the heat in relation to subjective fatigue . Ergonomics , 32 : 629 – 638 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2776742 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=2776742&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+32%5BVolume%5D+AND+629%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1989%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Faff%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Skoldstrom , B. 1987 . Physiological responses to fire fighters to workload and thermal stress . Ergonomics , 30 : 1589 – 1597 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3443086 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=3443086&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+30%5BVolume%5D+AND+1589%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1987%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Skoldstrom%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- United States Fire Administration (USFA) . 2000 . Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1999 (Contract No. EME-1998-CO-0202-T0006) , Emmitsburg , Md. : USFA .
- Washburn , A. E. , Leblanc , P. R. and Fahey , R. F. 1998 . Fire fighter fatalities . NFPA J. , July/August : 50 – 62 .
- McLellan , T. M. 1993 . Work performance at 40° C with Canadian Forces biological and chemical protective clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 1094 – 1100 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8291988 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=8291988&Session=&searchQuery=Aviat%2E+Space+Environ%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+64%5BVolume%5D+AND+1094%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1993%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+McLellan%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- McLellan , T. M. , Pope , J. I. , Cain , J. B. and Cheung , S. 1996 . Effects of metabolic rate and ambient vapor pressure on heat strain in protective clothing . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 74 : 518 – 527 .
- McLellan , T. M. 1994 . Tolerance Times for Continuous Work Tasks While Wearing N BC Protective Clothing in Warm and Hot Environments and the Strategy of Implementing Rest Schedules, DCIEM No. 94–62 , Toronto : Defence and Civil Institute of Envimental Medicine .
- Lemon , P. W. and Hermiston , R. T. 1977 . The human energy cost of fire fighting . J. Occup. Med. , 19 : 558 – 562 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=894379 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=894379&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Occup%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+19%5BVolume%5D+AND+558%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1977%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Lemon%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Gledhill , N. and Jamnik , V. K. 1992 . Characterization of the physical demands of firefighting . Can. J. Appl. Physiol. , 17 : 207 – 213 .
- Gephart , F. C. and DuBois , E. F. 1915 . Clinical calorimetry, fourth paper. The determination of the basal metabolism of normal men and the effect of food . Arch. Int. Med. , 15 : 833 – 845 .
- Clausen , J. L. 1982 . Pulmonary Function Testing Guidelines and Controversies: Equipment, Methods and Normal Value , Toronto : Grune and Stratton, Inc. .
- Forsyth , R. D. , Plyley , M. J. and Shephard , R. J. 1984 . Estimation of body fatness of Canadian forces . Can. J. Appl. Sport Sci. , 9 : 5P
- Siri , W. E. 1956 . “ The gross composition of the body ” . In Advances in Biological and Medical Physics , 239 – 280 . New York : Academic Press .
- Gonzalez , R. R. , Stroschein , L. A. , Gonzalez , J. A. and Pandolf , K. B. 1993 . Copper Manikin and Heat Strain Model Evaluations of Chemical Protective Ensembles for the Technical Cooperation Program (TCCP), Tech. Rep. 94–4 , Natick , Mass. : U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine .
- Gonzalez , R. R. April 2003 . Manikin results for the thermal resistance and water vapour permeability of Toronto firefighting protective clothing , April , Natick , MA : United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine . (Personal Communication.)
- McLellan , T. M. , Gannon , G. A. , Zamecnik , J. , Gil , V. and Brown , G. M. 1999 . Low doses of melatonin and diurnal effects on thermoregulation and tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . J. Appl. Physiol. , 87 : 308 – 316 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10409589 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=10409589&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+87%5BVolume%5D+AND+308%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1999%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+McLellan%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Hardy , J. D. and Dubois , E. F. 1938 . The technique of measuring radiation and convection . J. Nutr. , 15 : 461 – 475 .
- Mitchell , J. W. , Nadel , E. R. and Hill , D. W. 1972 . Respiratory weight loss during exercise . J. Appl. Physiol. , 32 : 474 – 476 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5026494 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=5026494&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+32%5BVolume%5D+AND+474%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1972%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Mitchell%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Snellen , J. W. 1966 . Mean body temperature and the control of thermal sweating . Acta. Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. , 14 : 99 – 174 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5963839 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=5963839&Session=&searchQuery=Acta%2E+Physiol%2E+Pharmacol%2E+Neerl%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+14%5BVolume%5D+AND+99%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1966%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Snellen%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- McLellan , T. M. , Jacobs , I. and Bain , J. B. 1993 . Continuous vs. intermittent work with Canadian Forces N BC clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 595 – 598 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8357311 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=8357311&Session=&searchQuery=Aviat%2E+Space+Environ%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+64%5BVolume%5D+AND+595%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1993%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+McLellan%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Kaplan , L. A. and Pesce , A. J. 1984 . Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis and Correlation: Analyte Reference Chart , St. Louis , Mo. : C.V. Mosby Company .
- Tenaglia , S. A. , McLellan , T. M. and Klentrou , P. P. 1999 . Influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 80 : 76 – 83 .
- Holmer , I. 1995 . Protective clothing and heat stress . Ergonomics , 38 : 166 – 182 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7875118 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=7875118&Session=&searchQuery=Ergonomics%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+38%5BVolume%5D+AND+166%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1995%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Holmer%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Selkirk , G. A. and McLellan , T. M. 2001 . Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . J. Appl. Physiol. , 91 : 2055 – 2063 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11641344 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=11641344&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+91%5BVolume%5D+AND+2055%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+2001%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Selkirk%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- McLellan , T. M. 1998 . Sex-related differences in thermoregulatory responses while wearing protective clothing . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 78 : 28 – 37 .
- Candas , V. , Libert , J. P. , Brandenberger , G. , Sagot , J. C. , Amoros , C. and Kahn , J. M. 1986 . Hydration during exercise: Effects on thermal and cardiovascular adjustments . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 55 : 113 – 122 .
- Sawka , M. N. , Young , A. J. , Latzka , W. A. , Neufer , P. D. , Quigley , M. D. and Pandolf , K. B. 1992 . Human tolerance to heat strain during exercise: Influence of hydration . J. Appl. Physiol. , 73 : 368 – 375 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1506393 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=1506393&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+73%5BVolume%5D+AND+368%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1992%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Sawka%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Cheung , S. S. and McLellan , T. M. 1998 . Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress . J. Appl. Physiol. , 84 : 1731 – 1739 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9572824 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=9572824&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+84%5BVolume%5D+AND+1731%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1998%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Cheung%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Candas , V. , Libert , J. P. , Brandenberger , G. , Sagot , J. C. and Kahn , J. M. 1988 . Thermal and circulatory responses during prolonged exercise at different levels of hydration . J. Physiol. , 83 : 11 – 18 .
- Cheung , S. S. and McLellan , T. M. 1998 . Influence of hydration status and fluid replacement on heat tolerance while wearing NBC protective clothing . Euro. J. Appl. Physiol. , 77 : 139 – 148 .
- Sawka , M. N. , Gonzalez , R. R. , Droplet , L. L. and Pandolf , K. B. 1984 . Heat exchange during upper- and lower-body exercise . J. Appl. Physiol. , 57 : 1050 – 1054 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6501026 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=6501026&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+Appl%2E+Physiol%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+57%5BVolume%5D+AND+1050%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1984%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Sawka%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- White , M. K. and Hodous , T. K. 1988 . Physiological responses to the wearing of fire fighter's turnout gear with Neoprene and GORE-TEX Barrier Liners . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 49 : 523 – 530 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3189161 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=3189161&Session=&searchQuery=Am%2E+Ind%2E+Hyg%2E+Assoc%2E+J%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+49%5BVolume%5D+AND+523%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1988%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+White%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- House , J. R. , Holmes , C. and Allsopp , A. J. 1997 . Prevention of heat strain by immersing the hands and forearms in water . J. R. Nav. Med. Serv. , 83 : 26 – 30 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9282438 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=9282438&Session=&searchQuery=J%2E+R%2E+Nav%2E+Med%2E+Serv%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+83%5BVolume%5D+AND+26%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1997%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+House%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Livingstone , S. D. , Nolan , R. W. and Cattroll , S. W. 1989 . Heat loss caused by immersing the hands in water . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 60 : 1166 – 1171 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2604672 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=2604672&Session=&searchQuery=Aviat%2E+Space+Environ%2E+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+60%5BVolume%5D+AND+1166%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+1989%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Livingstone%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1
- Cheung , S. S. , McLellan , T. M. and Tenaglia , S. A. 2000 . The thermophysiology of uncompensable heat stress . Sports Med. , 29 : 329 – 359 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10840867 http://www4.infotrieve.com/newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=10840867&Session=&searchQuery=Sports+Med%2E%5BJournal+Name%5D+AND+29%5BVolume%5D+AND+329%5BPage+Number%5D+AND+2000%5BPublication+Date%5D+AND+Cheung%5BAuthor+Name%5D&count=1