263
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Impact of Ontario Smoke-Free Legislation on Secondhand Smoke in Enclosed Public Places

, , , &
Pages 133-143 | Published online: 16 Dec 2009

REFERENCES

  • National Toxicology Program (NTP) . 2000 . 9th Report on Carcinogens , Research Triangle Park , N.C. : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1992 . Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders (EPA/600/6-90/006F) , Washington , D.C. : USEPA, Office of Research and Development, Office of Air and Radiation .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 2002 . “ Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking ” . In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Volume 83 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) . 2006 . The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General , Atlanta : DHHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health .
  • Jaakkola , M. S. and Jaakkola , J. J.K. 2006 . Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: Possibilities for prevention . Eur. Respir. J. , 28 : 397 – 408 .
  • Miller , M. D. , Marty , M. A. Broadwin , R. 2007 . The association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and breast cancer: A review by the California Environmental Protection Agency . Prev. Med. , 44 : 93 – 106 .
  • Moritsugu , K. P. 2007 . The 2006 Report of the Surgeon General: The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke . Am. J. Prev. Med. , 32 : 524 – 523 .
  • Health Canada . 2008 . Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS) 2007 , Ottawa : Health Canada .
  • Siegel , M. 1993 . Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace. A review of employee exposure and health effects . JAMA , 270 : 490 – 493 .
  • Wakefield , M. , Cameron , M. Inglis , G. 2005 . Secondhand smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among casino, club, and office workers in Victoria, Australia . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 47 : 698 – 703 .
  • Wakefield , M. , Trotter , L. , Cameron , M. , Woodward , A. , Inglis , G. and Hill , D. 2003 . Association between exposure to workplace secondhand smoke and reported respiratory and sensory symptoms: Cross-sectional study . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 45 : 622 – 627 .
  • Bolte , G. , Heitmann , D. Kiranoglu , M. 2008 . Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in German restaurants, pubs and discotheques . J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 18 : 262 – 271 .
  • Edwards , R. , Hasselholdt , C. P. Hargreaves , K. 2006 . Levels of second hand smoke in pubs and bars by deprivation and food-serving status: A cross-sectional study from North West England . BMC Public Health , 6 : 42 – 47 .
  • Hyland , A. , Travers , M. J. Dresler , C. 2008 . A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places . Tob. Control , 17 : 159 – 165 .
  • Heloma , A. , Jaakkola , M. S. Kahkonen , E. 2001 . The short-term impact of national smoke-free workplace legislation on passive smoking and tobacco use . Am. J. Public Health , 91 : 1416 – 1418 .
  • Gilpin , E. A. , Farkas , A. J. Emery , S. L. 2002 . Clean indoor air: Advances in California, 1990–1999 . Am. J. Public Health , 92 : 785 – 791 .
  • Al-Delaimy , W. , Fraser , T. and Woodward , A. 2001 . Nicotine in hair of bar and restaurant workers . N Z Med. J. , 114 : 80 – 83 .
  • Repace , J. 2004 . Respirable particles and carcinogens in the air of Delaware hospitality venues before and after a smoking ban . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 46 : 887 – 905 .
  • Valente , P. , Forastiere , F. Bacosi , A. 2007 . Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005 . Tob. Control , 16 : 312 – 317 .
  • Waring , M. S. and Siegel , J. A. 2007 . An evaluation of the indoor air quality in bars before and after a smoking ban in Austin, Texas . J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 17 : 260 – 268 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2004 . Indoor air quality in hospitality venues before and after implementation of a clean indoor air law – Western New York, 2003 . MMWR , 53 : 1038 – 1041 .
  • Repace , J. L. , Hyde , J. N. and Brugge , D. 2006 . Air pollution in Boston bars before and after a smoking ban . BMC Public Health , 6 : 266 – 280 .
  • Repace , J. L. and Lowrey , A. H. 1980 . Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, and public health . Science , 208 : 464 – 474 .
  • Repace , J. L. , Ott , W. R. and Klepeis , N. E. 1998 . “ Indoor air pollution from cigar smoke ” . In Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 9. Cigars—Health Effects and Trends , Bethesda , Md : National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute . (NIH No. 98-4302; Pub. no. T486)
  • Ott , W. R. and Siegmann , H. C. 2006 . Using multiple continuous fine particle monitors to characterize tobacco, incense, candle, cooking, wood burning, and vehicular sources in indoor, outdoor, and in-transit settings . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 821 – 843 .
  • Herndon , S. C. , Onasch , T. B. Frank , B. P. 2005 . Particulate emissions from in-use commercial aircraft . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 39 : 799 – 809 .
  • Marr , L. C. , Dzepina , K. Jimenez , J. L. 2006 . Sources and transformations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 6 : 1733 – 1745 .
  • “Air Quality Index: A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health.” [Online] Available at http://www.epa.gov/airnow/aqi_brochure_08-09.pdf(Accessed November 9, 2009)
  • Klepeis , N. E. , Ott , W. R. and Switzer , P. 2007 . Real-time measurement of outdoor tobacco smoke particles . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 57 : 522 – 534 .
  • [Online] Available at http://www.airqualityontario.ca/index.php“Hourly Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations—Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in μ g/m2: January–December 2006.” (Accessed July 9, 2009)
  • Semple , S. , Creely , K. S. , Naji , A. , Miller , B. C. and Ayres , J. G. 2007 . Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: The effect of smoke-free legislation . Tob. Control , 16 : 127 – 132 .
  • Wagner , J. , Sullivan , D. P. Faulkner , D. 2004 . Environmental tobacco smoke leakage from smoking rooms . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 1 : 110 – 118 .
  • Pion , M. and Givel , M. S. 2004 . Airport smoking rooms don't work . Tob. Control , 13 ( Suppl 1 ) : i37 – i40 .
  • Cains , T. , Cannata , S. Poulos , R. 2004 . Designated “no smoking” areas provide from partial to no protection from environmental tobacco smoke . Tob. Control , 13 : 17 – 22 .
  • Farrelly , M. C. , Nonnemaker , J. M. Chou , R. 2005 . Changes in hospitality workers' exposure to secondhand smoke following the implementation of New York's smoke-free law . Tob. Control , 14 : 236 – 241 .
  • Pope , C. A. , Eatough , D. J. Gold , D. R. 2001 . Acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and heart rate variability . Environ. Health Perspect. , 109 : 711 – 716 .
  • Zhang , B. , Bondy , S. J. and Ferrence , R. 2009 . Do indoor smoke-free laws provide bar workers with adequate protection from secondhand smoke? . Prev. Med. , 49 : 245 – 247 .
  • “Air Pollution Index (API): Advice to Public” [Online] Available at http://www.epd-asg.gov.hk/english/advice/advice.php(Accessed July 17, 2009)
  • Matter , U. , Siegmann , H. C. and Butscher , H. 1999 . Dynamic field measurements of submicron particles from diesel engine . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 1946 – 1952 .
  • Sakai , R. , Siegmann , H. C. Sato , H. 2002 . Particulate matter and particle-attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of Tokyo measured with personal monitors . Environ. Res. , 89 : 66 – 71 .
  • Siegmann , K. , Scherrer , L. and Siegmann , H. C. 1999 . Physical and chemical properties of airborne nanoscale particles and how to measure the impact on human health . J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) , 458 : 191 – 201 .
  • Velasco , E. , Siegmann , P. and Siegmann , H. C. 2004 . Exploratory study of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different environments of Mexico City . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 4957 – 4968 .
  • Marr , L. C. , Grogan , L. A. Wohrnschimmel , H. 2004 . Vehicle traffic as a source of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in the Mexico City metropolitan area . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 2584 – 2592 .
  • Brown , D. M. , Wilson , M. R. MacNee , W. 2001 . Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: A role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 175 : 191 – 199 .
  • Donaldson , K. , Brown , D. Clouter , A. 2002 . The pulmonary toxicology of ultrafine particles . J. Aerosol Med. , 15 : 213 – 220 .
  • Koistinen , K. J. , Hanninen , O. Rotko , T. 2001 . Behavioral and environmental determinants of personal exposures to PM2.5 in EXPOLIS—Helsinki, Finland . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2473 – 2481 .
  • Stranger , M. , Potgieter-Vermaak , S. S. and Van Grieken , R. 2007 . Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Belgium . Environ. Int. , 33 : 789 – 797 .
  • Goodman , P. , Agnew , M. McCaffrey , M. 2007 . Effects of the Irish smoking ban on respiratory health of bar workers and air quality in Dublin pubs . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 175 : 840 – 845 .
  • “Controlling Tobacco Smoke Pollution” [Online] Available at http://www.repace.com/pdf/iaqashrae.pdf(Accessed September 22, 2009)
  • Shadish , W. R. , Cook , T. D. and Campbell , D. T. 2002 . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference , Boston , Mass. : Houghton Mifflin .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.