A Novel Method for Assessing Respiratory Deposition of Welding Fume Nanoparticles

REFERENCES

• Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): “Occupational Employment Statistics: Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012, Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers.” Available at http://bls.gov/oes/current/oes514121.htm (accessed Feb 12, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer, A.T., and P. Biswas: Characterization of the aerosols resulting from arc welding processes. J. Aerosol Sci. 32(8):993–1008 (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, M., S. Stone, and B. Chen: Welding fumes from stainless steel gas metal arc processes contain multiple manganese chemical species. J. Environ. Monit. 12:1133–1140 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standards (ISO): Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 1: Core Terms (ISO/TS 80004–1). [Standard] Geneva: ISO, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., W.C. Hinds, S. Kim, and C. Sioutas: Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 51(9):1032–1042 (2002).
   Google Scholar
• Moroni, B., and C. Viti: Grainsize, chemistry, and structure of fine and ultrafine particles in stainless steel welding fumes. J. Aerosol Sci. 40(11):938–949 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, N.: Cancer mortality among arc welders exposed to fumes containing chromium and nickel. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 41:294–303 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C., P. Demokritou, M. Shafer, and D. Christiani: Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of welding fume derived particles generated from real time welding processes. Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts 15:214–224 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korczynsky, R.E.: Occupational health concerns in the welding industry. J. Environ. Monit. 10:195–220 (2000).
   Google Scholar
• Antonini, J.M.: Health effects of welding. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33(1):61–103 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, R.M., S. Nakagawa, M. Drezgic, et al.: Sequelae of fume exposure in confined space welding: A neurological and neuropsychological case series. Neurotoxicology 28(2):298–311 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, M.R., and P. Susi: Manganese, iron, and total particulate exposure to welders. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7(2):115–126 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic, J.: Searching for a relationship between manganese and welding and Parkinson's disease. Neurology 64(12):2021–2028 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, D.E.: A brief history of the neurobehavioral toxicity of manganese: Some unanswered questions. Neurotoxicology 20(2–3):499–507 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb, H.J., P.S. Lees, P.F. Pinsky, and B.C. Rooney: Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38(2):115–126 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, R.M., J.F. Bena, L.T. Stayner, R.J. Smith, H.J. Gibb, and P.S.J. Lees: Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: A quantitative risk assessment. Risk Anal. 24(5):1099–1108 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, J.M., M. Keane, B.T. Chen, et al.: Alterations in welding process voltage affect the generation of ultrafine particles, fume composition, and pulmonary toxicity. Nanotoxicology 5(4):700–710 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdorster, G., J. Ferin, and B.E. Lenhert: Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ. Health Perspect. 102(5):173–179 (1994).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassian, V.H., A. Adamcakova-Dodd, J.M. Pettibone, P.T. O’Shaughnessy, and P.S. Thorne: Inflammatory response of mice to manufactured titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Comparison of size effects through different exposure routes. Nanotoxicology 1(3):211–226 (2007).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, J.D., and J.A. Baugh: The significance of nanoparticles in particle induced pulmonary fibrosis. McGill J. Med. 11(1):43–50 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsson, H.L., J. Gustafsson, P. Cronholm, and L. Möller: Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles—A comparison between nano- and micrometer size. Toxicol. Lett. 188(2):112–118 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Method PV2121. In OSHA Sampling and Analytical Methods. Sandy, Utah: OSHA, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Meeker, J., P. Susi, and M. Flynn: Manganese and welding fume exposure and control in construction. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 4(12):943–951 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, J.F., P.C. Albuquerque, R.M. Miranda, T.G. Santos, and M.T. Vieira: Comparison of deposited surface area of airborne ultrafine particles generated from two welding processes. Inhalation Toxicol. 24(11):774–781 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaxon, C., J. Pagels, A. Gudmundsson, et al.: Characteristics of welding fume aerosol investigated in three Swedish workshops. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 151(1):1–5 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Debia, M., S. Weichenthal, and A. Dufresne: Ultrafine particles exposure in apprentice welders. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11(1):D1–D9 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehnert, M., B. Pesch, A. Lotz, et al.: Exposure to inhalable, respirable, and ultrafine particles in welding fume. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56(5):557–567 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderholm, S.C.: Proposed international conventions for particle size-selective sampling. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 33(3):301–320 (1989).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderholm, S.C., and M.A. McCawley: Should dust samplers mimic human lung deposition? Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5(12):829–835 (1990).
   Google Scholar
• Antonini, J.M., M.D. Taylor, A.T. Zimmer, and J.R. Roberts: Pulmonary responses to welding fumes: Role of metal constituents. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 67:233–249 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsen, D.G., E. Zibarev, Z. Kusraeva, et al.: The bioavailability of manganese in welders in relation to its solubility in welding fumes. Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts 15(2):357–365 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cena, L.G., T.R. Anthony, and T.M. Peters: A personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(15):6483–6490 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Iowa Research Foundation: Personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition sampler and methods of using the same. Patent Application. United States, filed August 29, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP): Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier Science, Ltd., 1994.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): “SOP 504: Limits of Detection and Quantitation.” Available at http://dart.cdc.gov/lims/labsup/sop/sop504.htm (accessed Feb. 12, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Neter, J., M.H. Kutner, C.J. Nachtsheim, and W. Wasserman: Applied Linear Statistical Models. Chicago: Irwin, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Antonini, J.M., A.A. Afshari, S. Stone, et al.: Design, construction, and characterization of a novel robotic welding fume generator and inhalation exposure system for laboratory animals. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3(4):194–203 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, T.M., W.A. Heitbrink, and D.E. Evans: The mapping of fine and ultrafine particle concentrations in an engine machining and assembly facility. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50:249–257 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley, K., and M. Harper: Closed-face filter cassette (CFC) sampling: Guidance on procedures for inclusion of material adhering to internal sampler surfaces. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10(3):D29–D33 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• O’Shaughnessy, P.T., and O.G. Raabe: A comparison of cascade impactor data reduction methods. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37:187–200 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmann, J.E.: Sampling and transport of aerosol. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, P.A. Baron, K. Willeke (eds.). New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2001. pp.143–196.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, T.M., and J.C. Volkwein: Analysis of sampling line bias on respirable mass measurement. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 18(6):458–465 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vincent, J.H.: Particle Size-Selective Sampling for Particulate Air Contaminants. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, N.T.: “Chemistry of Airborne Particles for Metallurgical Processing.” PhD diss., Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1997.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003.
   Google Scholar