27,043
Views
118
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A comparison of facemask and respirator filtration test methods

, , &

References

  • OSHA: “Respiratory Protection–OSHA.” Available at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_docu-ment?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=13749.
  • CDC: “Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health Care Facilities.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr4313.pdf.
  • CDC: “Measles (Rubeola): For Healthcafe Professionsals.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/index.html.
  • CDC: “Prevention Strategies for Seasonal Influenza in Healthcare Settings Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/healthcaresettings.htm.
  • CDC: “Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be Used by Healthcare Workers during Management of Patients with Confirmed Ebola or Persons under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola who are Clinically Unstable or Have Bleeding, Vomiting, or Diarrhea in U.S. Hospitals, Including Procedures for Donning and Doffing PPE.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/healthcare-us/ppe/guidance.html.
  • Federal Register: 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 84. Respiratory Protective Devices. Final Rules and Notice. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: Office of Federal Register, 60:30335–30398 (1995).
  • NIOSH: “Procedure No. TEB-APR-STP-0059, Revision 2.0. Determination of particulate filter efficiency level for N95 series filters against solid particulates for non-powered, airpurifying respirators standard testing procedure (STP).” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/stps/pdfs/TEB-APR-STP-0059.pdf.
  • Stevens, G.A., and E.S. Moyer: “Worst case” aerosol testing parameters: I. Sodium chloride and dioctyl phthalate aerosol filter efficiency as a function of particle size and flow rate. Amer. Industr. Hyg. Assoc. J. 50:257–264 (1989).
  • Lee, K.W., and B.Y.H. Liu: On the minimum efficiency and the most penetrating particle size for fibrous filters. Air Pollut. Cont. Assn. 30:377–381 (1980).
  • Martin, S.B., Jr., and E.S. Moyer: Electrostatic respirator filter media: filter efficiency and most penetrating particle size effects. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 15:609–617 (2000).
  • FDA: “Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff. Surgical Masks - Premarket Notification [510(K)] Submissions; Guidance for Industry and FDA.” Available at http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm072549.htm.
  • ASTM: ASTM F2299-03, Standard Test Method for Determining the Initial Efficiency of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks to Penetration by Particulates Using Latex Spheres. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2003.
  • ASTM: F2101- 01: Standard test method for evaluating the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of medical face mask materials, using a biological aerosol of Staphylococcus aereus. Ann. ASTM Stand. (F2101-01): 1553–1557 (2001).
  • ASTM: F2100: Standard specification for performance of materials used in medical face masks. Ann. Book ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, PA, 2011. pp. 447–449.
  • Filligent: “510(k) Summary - BioFriendTM BiomaskTM N95 Surgical Respirator.” Available at http://www.access-data.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf12/K122702.pdf (2013).
  • GlaxoSmithKline: “510(k) Summary - Actiprotect UF N95 Respirator.” Available at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf8/K081923.pdf (2009.
  • ASTM: “ASTM F1215 - 89. Test Method for Determining the Initial Efficiency of a Flatsheet Filter Medium in an Airflow Using Latex Spheres (Withdrawn 1998).” Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International, 2003. (1989).
  • Greene, V.W., and D. Vesley: Method for evaluating effectiveness of surgical masks. J. Bacteriol. 83:663–667 (1962).
  • Rengasamy, S., A. Miller, and B. Eimer: Evaluation of the filtration performance of NIOSH-approved N95 filtering-facepiece respirators by photometric and number-based test methods. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8:23–30 (2011).
  • Rengasamy, S., G. Walbert, W. Newcomb, et al.: Total inward leakage measurement of particulates for N95 filtering facepiece respirators - A comparison study. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 58:206–216 (2013).
  • Li, L., Z.L. Zuo, D.A. Japuntich, and D.Y.H. Pui: Evaluation of filter media for particle number, surface area and mass penetrations. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56:581–594 (2012).
  • TSI: Penetration of N95 filtering facepiece respirators by charged and charge neutralized nanoparticles. TSI Application Note RFT-007 (US) (2010).
  • Yang, S., Y.-M.G. Lee, H.-L. Huang, et al.: Aerosol penetration properties of an electret filter with submicron aerosols with various operating factors. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 42:51–57 (2007).
  • Hinds, W.C.: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.
  • Brosseau, L.M., N.V. McCullough, and D. Vesley: Mycobacterial aerosol collection efficiency of respirator and surgical mask filters under varying conditions of flow and humidity. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12:435–445 (1997).
  • Qian, Y., K. Willeke, S.A. Grinshpun, J. Donnelly, and C.C. Coffey: Performance of N95 respirators: filtration efficiency for airborne microbial and inert particles. Am. Industr. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59:128–132 (1998).
  • Qian, Y., K. Willeke, S.A. Grinshpun, and J. Donnelly: Performance of N95 respirators: Reaerosolization of bacteria and solid particles. Am. Industr. Hyg. Assoc. J. 58:876–880 (1997).
  • Chen, S.K., D. Vesley, L.M. Brosseau, and J.H. Vincent: Evaluation of single-use masks and respirators for protection of health care workers against mycobacterial aerosols. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 22:65–74 (1994).
  • McCullough, N.V., L.M. Brosseau, and D. Vesley: Collection of three bacterial aerosols by respirator and surgical mask filters under varying conditions of flow and relative humidity. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 41:677–690 (1997).
  • Harnish, D.A., B.K. Heimbuch, M. Husband, et al.: Challenge of N95 filtering facepiece respirators with viable H1N1 influenza aerosols. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 34:494–499 (2013).
  • Fisher, E.M., A.W. Richardson, S.D. Harpest, K.C. Hofacre, and R.E. Shaffer: Reaerosolization of MS2 bacteriophage from an N95 filtering facepiece respirator by simulated coughing. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56: 15–325 (2012).
  • Brosseau, L.M., and R.E. Shaffer: “Do We Need to Challenge Respirator Filters With Biological Aerosols?” Available at http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2014/04/02/respirator-filter-testing/.
  • NIOSH: “Summary of Comments and NIOSH Responses to Docket 272.” Available at http://www.regulations.gov/index.jsp#!documentDetail;D=CDC-2014-0005-0020.
  • Viscusi, D.J., M.S. Bergman, E. Sinkule, and R.E. Shaffer: Evaluation of the filtration performance of21 N95 filtering facepiece respirators after prolonged storage. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 37:381–86 (2009).
  • Nelson Laboratories “VFE110 - Virus Filtration Efficiency (VFE): Bacteriophage.” Available at https://www.nelsonlabs.com/Test/Viral-Filtration-Efficiency.
  • Honeywell: “One-fit Surgical N95 Respirators.” Available at http://www.honeywellsafety.com/Supplementary/Documents_and_Downloads/Respiratory_Protection/Single_Use_(Disposable)_Respirators/19141/1033.aspx.
  • Oberg, T., and L.M. Brosseau: Surgical mask filter and fit performance. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 36:276–282 (2008).
  • Rengasamy, S., B. Eimer, and J. Szalajda: A quantitative assessment of the total inward leakage of NaCl aerosol representing sumicron size bioaerosol through N95 filtering facepiece respirators and surgical masks. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11:388–396 (2014).
  • Balazy, A., M. Toivola, A. Adhikari, S.K. Sivasubramani, T. Reponen, and S.A. Grinshpun: Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks? Am. J. Infect. Control 34:51–57 (2006).
  • Rengasamy, S., A. Miller, B. Eimer, and R.E. Shaffer: Filtration performance of FDA-cleared surgical masks. J. Int. Soc. Res. Prot. 26:54–70 (2009).
  • Rengasamy, S., B. Eimer, and R.E. Shaffer: Nanoparticle filtration performance of commercially available dust masks. J. Int. Soc. Res. Prot. 25:27–41 (2008).
  • Rengasamy, S., B. Eimer, and R.E. Shaffer: Simple respiratory protection - Evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20-1000 nm size particles. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54:789–798 (2010).
  • Hogan, Jr., C.J., E.M. Kettleson, M-L. Lee, B. Ramaswami, L.T. Angenent, and P. Biswas: Sampling methodologies and dosage assessment techniques for submicrometre and ultrafine virus aerosol particles. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:1422–1434 (2005).
  • Harnish, D.A., B.K. Heimbuch, C. Balzli, et al.: Capture of 0.1 um aerosol particle containing viable H1N1 influenza virus by N95 filtering facepiece respirators. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13:D46–D49 (2016).
  • Rengasamy, S., D. Sbarra, J. Nwoko, and R.E. Shaffer: Resistance to synthetic blood penetration of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirators and surgical N95 respirators. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 43:1190–1196 (2015).
  • Srinivasan, A., D.B. Jernign, L. Liedtke, and L. Strausbaugh: Hospital preparedness for severe acute respiratory syndrome in the United States: Views from a national survey of infectious diseases consultants. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:272–274 (2004).
  • Hines, L., E. Rees, and N. Pavelchak: Respiratory protection policies and practices among the health care workforce exposed to influenza in New York State: Evaluating emergency preparedness for the next pandemic. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 42:240–245 (2014).
  • Murray, M., J. Grant, E. Bryce, P. Chilton, and L. Forrester: Facial protective equipment, personnel, and pandemics: impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus on personnel and use of facial protective equipment. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31:1011–1016 (2010).
  • Beckman, S., B. Materna, S. Goldmacher, et al.: Evaluation of respiratory protection programs and practices in California hospitals during the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Am. J. Infect. Cont. 41:1024–1031 (2013).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.