Airborne contaminants during controlled residential fires

References

• National Fire Protection Association: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States – 2016, by R.F. Fahy, P.R. LeBlanc, and J.L. Molis. National Fire Protection Association, June 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D.L., D.A. Barr, and S.N. Kales: Extreme sacrifice: sudden cardiac death in the US fire service. Extreme Physiol Med. 2(1):6 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kales, S.N., and D.L. Smith: Sudden cardiac death in the fire service. Occup Med (Lond). 64(4):228–30 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales, S.N., E.S. Soteriades, C.A. Christophi, and D.C. Christiani: Emergency duties and deaths from heart disease among firefighters in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(12):1207–1215 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R.D., B. Franklin, W. Cascio, et al.: Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109(21):2655–2671 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope, 3rd, X. Xu, et al.: An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(24):1753–1759 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., 3rd, and D.W. Dockery: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 56(6):709–742 (2006).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seaton, A., W. MacNee, K. Donaldson, and D. Godden: Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345(8943):176–178 (1995).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, R.J., S.E. Luckhaupt, P. Schumacher, R.D. Cress, D.M. Deapen, and G.M. Calvert: Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988–2007. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58(7):715–729 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukkala, E., J.I. Martinsen, E. Lynge, et al.: Occupation and cancer – Follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. Acta Oncol. 48(5):646–790 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, D., M. Sim, S. Pircher, A. Del Monaco, C. Dimitriadis, and J. Miosge: Final Report Australian Firefighters' Health Study. Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health. Available at https://www.monash.edu/medicine/sphpm/coeh/researchprogram/ausfireftr ( accessed January 18, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, R.D., T.L. Kubale, J.H. Yiin, et al.: Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009). Occup. Environ. Med. 71(6):388–397 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, R.D., S. Bertke, M.M. Dahm, et al.: Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009). Occup. Environ. Med. 72(10):699–706 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer: Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 98. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Fabian, T., J. Borgerson, P. Gandhi, et al.: Characterization of firefighter smoke exposure. Fire Technol. 50(4):993–1019 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt-Rauf, P.W., L.F. Fallon, Jr., T. Tarantini, C. Idema, and L. Andrews: Health hazards of fire fighters: Exposure assessment. Br. J. Ind. Med. 45(9):606–612 (1988).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin, C.C., D. Wang, D.J. Ecobichon, and G. Dussault: Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at municipal structural fires. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 63(6):437–458 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolstad-Johnson, D.M., J.L. Burgess, C.D. Crutchfield, S. Storment, R. Gerkin, and J.R. Wilson: Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 61(5):636–641 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman, P., J. Osterloh, J. Pirkle, et al.: Biomonitoring of chemical exposure among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center fire and collapse. Environ. Health Perspect. 111(16):1906–1911 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk, K.M., and M.B. Logan: Firefighting instructors' exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during live fire training scenarios. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12(4):227–234 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D.E., and K.W. Fent: Ultrafine and respirable particle exposure during vehicle fire suppression. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts. 17:1749–1759 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Evaluation of Chemical and Particle Exposures During Vehicle Fire Suppression Training, by Fent, K.W., D.E. Evans, and J. Couch (Report #HETA 2008-0241-3113). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Evaluation of Dermal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fire Fighters, by Fent, K.W., J. Eisenberg, D.C. Evans, et al. (Report #2010-0156-3196). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Fent, K.W., D.E. Evans: Assessing the risk to firefighters from chemical vapors and gases during vehicle fire suppression. J. Environ. Monit. 13(3):536–543 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, G.P., S. Kerber, K.W. Fent, B. Fernhall, and D. Smith: Cardiovascular & Chemical Exposure Risks in Modern Firefighting: Interim Report, 2016. Illinois Fire Service Institute. Available at https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf ( accessed January 18, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Jankovic, J., W. Jones, J. Burkhart, and G. Noonan: Environmental study of firefighters. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 35(6):581–602 (1991).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolstad-Johnson, D.M., J.L. Burgess, C.D. Crutchfield, S. Storment, R. Gerkin, and J.R. Wilson: Characterization of firefighter exposures during fire overhaul. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 61(5):636–641 (2000).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerber, S.: Analysis of changing residential fire dynamics and its implications on firefighter operational timeframes. Fire Technol. 48(4):865–891 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer: Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 105. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, G.P., R.M. Kesler, S. Kerber, et al.: Thermal response to firefighting activities in residential structure fires: Impact of job assignment and suppression tactic. Ergonomics 1–16 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fent, K.W., B. Alexander, J. Roberts, et al.: Contamination of firefighter personal protective equipment and skin and the effectiveness of decontamination procedures. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 14(10):801–814 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D.E., B.K. Ku, M.E. Birch, and K.H. Dunn: Aerosol monitoring during carbon nanofiber production: Mobile direct-reading sampling. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54(5):514–531 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Manual of Analytical Methods 4th ed. Publication No. 94–113 (August 1994); 1st Supplement Publication 96–135, 2nd Supplement Publication 98–119, 3rd Supplement Publication 2003–154. P.C. Schlecht, and P.F. O'Connor (eds). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ ( accessed January 18, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hoang, K.T.: Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications. Publication EPA/600/8-91/011B. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992
   Google Scholar
• Feunekes, F.D., F.J. Jongeneelen, H. vd Laan, and F.H. Schoonhof: Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among trainers in a fire-fighting training facility. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 58(1):23–28 (1997).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queensland Fire and Emergency Services: Firefighter Exposures to Airborne Contaminants During Extinguishment of Simulated Office Room Fires, by K.M. Kirk, M. Ridgway, Z. Splawinski, and M.B. Logan ( Report 2011-02). Queensland Fire and Emergency Services Scientific Branch, August 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Fire and Emergency Services: Firefighter Exposures to Airborne Contaminants During Extinguishment of Simulated Residential Room Fires, by K.M. Kirk, M. Ridgway, and M.B. Logan (Report 2011-01). Queensland Fire and Emergency Services Scientific Branch, August 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Fent, K.W., J. Eisenberg, J. Snawder, et al.: Systemic exposure to PAHs and benzene in firefighters suppressing controlled structure fires. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 58(7):830–845 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, K., X.Y. Li, and W. MacNee: Ultrafine (nanometer) particle mediated lung injury. J. Aerosol Sci. 29(5–6):553–560 (1998).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar