In vitro virucidal efficacy of a dry steam disinfection system against Human Coronavirus, Human Influenza Virus, and Echovirus

References

• Aboubakr HA, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM. 2020. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: a review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 68:296–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirian ES. 2020. Potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: current evidence and implications for public health. Int J Infect Dis. 95:363–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascione C, Sala A, Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Paulone S, Palmieri B, Blasi E, Cermelli C. 2017. Herpes simplex virus‐1 entrapped in Candida albicans biofilm displays decreased sensitivity to antivirals and UVA1 laser treatment. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 16(1):72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-017-0246-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson B, Petersen E. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 shedding and infectivity. Lancet. 395(10233):1339–1340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30868-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagattini M, Buonocore R, Giannouli M, Mattiacci D, Bellopede R, Grimaldi N, Nardone A, Zarrilli R, Triassi M. 2015. Effect of treatment with an overheated dry-saturated steam vapour disinfection system on multidrug and extensively drug-resistant nosocomial pathogens and comparison with sodium hypochlorite activity. BMC Res Notes. 8:551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1534-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley D, Dharmasena M, Fraser A, Pettigrew C, Anderson J, Jiang X. 2018. Efficacy of silver dihydrogen citrate and steam vapor against a human norovirus surrogate, feline calicivirus, in suspension, on glass, and on carpet. Appl Environ Microbiol. 84(12):e00233–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00233-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueckert M, Gupta R, Gupta A, Garg M, Mazumder A. 2020. Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses on dry surfaces: potential for indirect transmission. Materials. 13(22):5211. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione. 2019. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics—quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity in the medical area—test method and requirements (Phase 2/Step 1). UNI EN 14476.
   Google Scholar
• De Lorenzi S, Salvatorelli G, Finzi G, Cugini P. 2012. Use of a steam generator for disinfection of hospital ward room surfaces. Microbiol Res J Int. 2(4):228–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.9734/BMRJ/2012/1959
   Google Scholar
• Gerchman Y, Mamane H, Friedman N, Mandelboim M. 2020. UV-LED disinfection of coronavirus: wavelength effect. J Photochem Photobiol B. 212:112044. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharpure R, Hunter CM, Schnall AH, Barrett CE, Kirby AE, Kunz J, Berling K, Mercante JW, Murphy JL, Garcia-Williams AG. 2020. Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for COVID-19 prevention—United States, May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69(23):705–709. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie E, Wilson J, Lovegrove A, Scott C, Abernethy M, Kotsanas D, Stuart RL. 2013. Environment cleaning without chemicals in clinical settings. Am J Infect Control. 41(5):461–463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISS COVID-19 Working Group on Biocides. 2020. Interim recommendations on cleaning and disinfection of non-healthcare settings during COVID-19 health emergency: surfaces, indoor environments and clothing. Version of May 15, 2020. Rapporto ISS COVID-19 n. 25/2020 (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Krishan K, Kanchan T. 2020. Aerosol and surface persistence: novel SARS-CoV-2 versus other coronaviruses. J Infect Dev Ctries. 14(7):748–749. doi:https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik YA. 2020. Properties of coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malaysian J Pathol. 42(1):3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateus J, Grifoni A, Tarke A, Sidney J, Ramirez SI, Dan JM, Burger ZC, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, Phillips E, et al. 2020. Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science. 370(6512):89–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noorimotlagh Z, Mirzaee SA, Jaafarzadeh N, Maleki M, Kalvandi G, Karami C. 2020. A systematic review of emerging human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak: focus on disinfection methods, environmental survival, and control and prevention strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 28(1):1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11060-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KH, Emo B, Lewis RD, Kennedy J, Thummalakunta LN, Elliott M. 2015. Inactivation of mold spores from moist carpet using steam vapor: contact time and temperature. J Occup Environ Hyg. 12(7):D131–D136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2015.1009988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztoprak N, Kizilates F, Percin D. 2019. Comparison of steam technology and a two-step cleaning (water/detergent) and disinfecting (1,000 resp. 5,000 ppm hypochlorite) method using microfiber cloth for environmental control of multidrug-resistant organisms in an intensive care unit. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 14:Doc15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren SY, Wang WB, Hao YG, Zhang HR, Wang ZC, Chen YL, Gao RD. 2020. Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments. World J Clin Cases. 8(8):1391–1399. doi:https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P. 2009. Testing thermal resistance of viruses. Arch Virol. 154(1):115–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0264-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seresirikachorn K, Phoophiboon V, Chobarporn T, Tiankanon K, Aeumjaturapat S, Chusakul S, Snidvongs K. 2021. Decontamination and reuse of surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 42(1):25–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton JD, Tanner BD, Maxwell SL, Gerba CP. 2011. Reduction in the microbial load on high-touch surfaces in hospital rooms by treatment with a portable saturated steam vapor disinfection system. Am J Infect Control. 39(8):655–662. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharafi SM, Ebrahimpour K, Nafez A. 2021. Environmental disinfection against COVID-19 in different areas of health care facilities: a review. Rev Environ Health. 36(2):193–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofer G, Lister DC, Boose JA. 2003. Inactivation methods grouped by virus. BioPharm Int. 2003(Supplement (1)):S37–S42.
   Google Scholar
• Song L, Wu J, Xi C. 2012. Biofilms on environmental surfaces: evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system. Am J Infect Control. 40(10):926–930. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner S, Sotzny F, Bauer S, Na IK, Schmueck-Henneresse M, Corman VM, Schwarz T, Drosten C, Wendering DJ, Behrends U, et al. 2020. HCoV- and SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive T cells in CVID patients. Front Immunol. 11:607918. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.607918 eCollection 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner B. 2011. Response to: Griffith CJ, Dancer SJ. ‘Hospital cleaning: problems with steam cleaning and microfibre’. J Hosp Infect. 78(3):241–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2011.01.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner BD. 2009. Reduction in infection risk through treatment of microbially contaminated surfaces with a novel, portable, saturated steam vapor disinfection system. Am J Infect Control. 37(1):20–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian Y, Rong L, Nian W, He Y. 2020. Review article: gastrointestinal features in COVID-19 and the possibility of faecal transmission. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 51:843–851. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al. 2020. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 382(16):1564–1567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber TP, Stilianakis NI. 2021. Fomites, hands, and the transmission of respiratory viruses. J Occup Environ Hyg. 18(1):1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2020.1845343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar