References
- Goldring SR, Goldring MB. Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage-bone crosstalk. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12(11):632–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.148.
- Jayasuriya CT, Hu N, Li J, Lemme N, Terek R, Ehrlich MG, Chen Q. Molecular characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in human osteoarthritis cartilage reveals contribution to the OA phenotype. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7044. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25395-8.
- Pucci M, and Lauriola M. Chapter 18 - Resistance to EGFR targeting treatments in colorectal cancer Oncogenomics 1 . In: Dammacco F, and Silvestris F, editors. Oncogenomics: Franco Dammacco and Franco Silvestris, 281 ; 2019.
- Pietrosimone B, Loeser RF, Blackburn JT, Padua DA, Harkey MS, Stanley LE, Luc-Harkey BA, Ulici V, Marshall SW, Jordan JM, et al. Biochemical markers of cartilage metabolism are associated with walking biomechanics 6-months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(10):2288–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23534.
- Ma CH, Wu CH, Jou IM, Tu YK, Hung CH, Hsieh PL, Tsai KL. PKR activation causes inflammation and MMP-13 secretion in human degenerated articular chondrocytes. Redox Biol. 2018;14:72–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.08.011.
- Ojanen SP, Maj F, Reunamo AE, Ronkainen AP, Mikkonen S, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Site-specific glycosaminoglycan content is better maintained in the pericellular matrix than the extracellular matrix in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0196203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196203.
- Ojanen SP, Maj F, JTA M, Saarela K, Happonen E, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Anterior cruciate ligament transection of rabbits alters composition, structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage and chondrocyte deformation 2 weeks post-surgery in a site-specific manner. J Biomech. 2020;98:109450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109450.
- Billinghurst RC, Dahlberg L, Ionescu M, Reiner A, Bourne R, Rorabeck C, Mitchell P, Hambor J, Diekmann O, Tschesche H, et al. Enhanced cleavage of type II collagen by collagenases in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(7):1534–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119316.
- Almonte-Becerril M, Costell M, Kouri JB. Changes in the integrins expression are related with the osteoarthritis severity in an experimental animal model in rats. J Orthop Res. 2014;32(9):3366–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22649.
- Mäkelä JT, Rezaeian ZS, Mikkonen S, Madden R, Han SK, Jurvelin JS, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Site-dependent changes in structure and function of lapine articular cartilage 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(6):869–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.010.
- Muraoka T, Hagino H, Okano T, Enokida M, Teshima R. Role of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis development: a comparative study of two strains of Guinea pigs with and without spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(10):3366–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22921.
- Danalache M, Kleinert R, Schneider J, Al E, Schwitalle M, Riester R, Traub F, Hofmann UK. Changes in stiffness and biochemical composition of the pericellular matrix as a function of spatial chondrocyte organisation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(5):823–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2019.01.008.
- Foldager CB, Toh WS, Gomoll AH, Olsen BR, Spector M. Distribution of basement membrane molecules, laminin and collagen type iv, in normal and degenerated cartilage tissues. Cartilage. 2014;5(2):123–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603513518217.
- Khoshgoftar M, Torzilli PA, Maher SA. Influence of the pericellular and extracellular matrix structural properties on chondrocyte mechanics. J Orthop Res. 2018;36:721–29.
- Dourado GS, Adams ME, Matyas JR, Huang D. Expression of biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin in the hypertrophic phase of experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1996;4(3):187–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1063-4584(96)80015-X.
- Diao HJ, Fung HS, Yeung P, Lam KL, Yan CH, Chan BP. Dynamic cyclic compression modulates the chondrogenic phenotype in human chondrocytes from late stage osteoarthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;486(1):14–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.073.
- Wang C, Brisson BK, Terajima M, Li Q, Hoxha K, Han B, Goldberg AM, Sherry Liu X, Marcolongo MS, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, et al. Type III collagen is a key regulator of the collagen fibrillar structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage and meniscus. Matrix Biol. 2020;85-86:47–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2019.10.001.
- Alquraini A, Jamal M, Zhang L, Schmidt T, Jay GD, Elsaid KA. The autocrine role of proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) in modulating osteoarthritic synoviocyte proliferation and expression of matrix degrading enzymes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1):89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1301-5.
- Sadatsuki R, Kaneko H, Kinoshita M, Futami I, Nonaka R, Culley KL, Otero M, Hada S, Goldring MB, Yamada Y, et al. Perlecan is required for the chondrogenic differentiation of synovial mesenchymal cells through regulation of Sox9 gene expression. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(4):837–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23318.
- Schminke B, Frese J, Bode C, Goldring MB, Miosge N. Laminins and nidogens in the pericellular matrix of chondrocytes: their role in osteoarthritis and chondrogenic differentiation. Am J Pathol. 2016;186(2):410–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.014.
- Larson CM, Kelley SS, Blackwood AD, Banes AJ, Lee GM. Retention of the native chondrocyte pericellular matrix results in significantly improved matrix production. Matrix Biol. 2002;21(4):349–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0945-053X(02)00026-4.
- Li Q, Han B, Wang C, Tong W, Wei Y, Tseng WJ, Han LH, Liu XS, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Mauck RL, et al. Decorin mediates cartilage matrix degeneration and fibrillation in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(8):1266–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.41254.
- Han B, Li Q, Wang C, Patel P, Adams SM, Doyran B, Nia HT, Oftadeh R, Zhou S, Li CY, et al. Decorin regulates the aggrecan network integrity and biomechanical functions of cartilage extracellular matrix. ACS Nano. 2019;13(10):11320–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04477.
- Mäkelä JT, Han SK, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Very early osteoarthritis changes sensitively fluid flow properties of articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2015;48(12):3369–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.06.010.
- Wilusz RE, Zauscher S, Guilak F. Micromechanical mapping of early osteoarthritic changes in the pericellular matrix of human articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(12):1895–903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.026.
- Alexopoulos LG, Williams GM, Upton ML, Setton LA, Guilak F. Osteoarthritic changes in the biphasic mechanical properties of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix in articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2005;38(3):509–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.012.
- Felka T, Rothdiener M, Bast S, Uynuk-Ool T, Zouhair S, Ochs BG, De Zwart P, Stoeckle U, Aicher WK, Hart ML, et al. Loss of spatial organization and destruction of the pericellular matrix in early osteoarthritis in vivo and in a novel in vitro methodology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(7):1200–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.02.001.
- Silverstein AM, Stefani RM, Sobczak E, Tong EL, Attur MG, Shah RP, Bulinski JC, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Toward understanding the role of cartilage particulates in synovial inflammation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017;25(8):1353–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.03.015.
- Pérez-García S, Carrión M, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Martínez C, González-Álvaro I, Blanco FJ, Juarranz Y, and Gomariz RP. Profile of matrix-remodeling proteinases in osteoarthritis: impact of fibronectin. Cells 9(1) . 2019;40.
- Nakamura S, Ikebuchi M, Saeki S, Furukawa D, Orita K, Niimi N, Tsukahara Y, Nakamura H. Changes in viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in early stage of osteoarthritis, as determined by optical coherence tomography-based strain rate tomography. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2789-4.
- Kleemann RU, Krocker D, Cedraro A, Tuischer J, Duda GN. Altered cartilage mechanics and histology in knee osteoarthritis: relation to clinical assessment (ICRS Grade). Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(11):958–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2005.06.008.
- Cooke ME, Lawless BM, Jones SW, Grover LM. Matrix degradation in osteoarthritis primes the superficial region of cartilage for mechanical damage. Acta Biomater. 2018;78:320–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.037.
- Owusu-Akyaw KA, Heckelman LN, Cutcliffe HC, Sutter EG, Englander ZA, Spritzer CE, Garrett WE, DeFrate LE. A comparison of patellofemoral cartilage morphology and deformation in anterior cruciate ligament deficient versus uninjured knees. J Biomech. 2018;67:78–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.019.
- Iijima H, Aoyama T, Tajino J, Ito A, Nagai M, Yamaguchi S, Zhang X, Kiyan W, Kuroki H. Subchondral plate porosity colocalizes with the point of mechanical load during ambulation in a rat knee model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(2):354–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.001.
- Day JS, Ding M, Van Der Linden JC, Hvid I, Sumner DR, Weinans H. A decreased subchondral trabecular bone tissue elastic modulus is associated with pre-arthritic cartilage damage. J Orthop Res. 2001;19(5):914–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00012-2.
- Shaktivesh MF, Lee PVS, Lee PVS. Shock absorbing ability in healthy and damaged cartilage-bone under high-rate compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2019;90:388–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.023.
- Robinson DL, Kersh ME, Walsh NC, Ackland DC, de Steiger RN, Pandy MG. Mechanical properties of normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;61:96–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.015.
- Huang Z, Zhou M, Wang Q, Zhu M, Chen S, Li H. Mechanical and hypoxia stress can cause chondrocytes apoptosis through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;84:125–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.021.
- Zhu G, Qian Y, Wu W, Li R. Negative effects of high mechanical tensile strain stimulation on chondrocyte injury in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;510(1):48–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.002.
- Kim JH, Lee G, Won Y, Lee M, Kwak JS, Chun CH, Chun JS. Matrix cross-linking-mediated mechanotransduction promotes posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(30):9424–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505700112.
- Yue D, Zhang M, Lu J, Zhou J, Bai Y, and Pan J. The rate of fluid shear stress is a potent regulator for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2019;234(9):1–8.
- Lu J, Fan Y, Gong X, Zhou X, Yi C, Zhang Y, Pan J. The lineage specification of mesenchymal stem cells is directed by the rate of fluid shear Stress. J Cell Physiol. 2016;231(8):1752–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25278.
- Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 2006;126(4):677–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044.
- Englund M. The role of biomechanics in the initiation and progression of OA of the knee. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(1):39–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2009.08.008.
- Zhou S, Cui Z, Urban JP. Factors influencing the oxygen concentration gradient from the synovial surface of articular cartilage to the cartilage-bone interface: a modeling study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(12):3915–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20675.
- Gibson JS, Milner PI, White R, Fairfax TPA, Wilkins RJ. Oxygen and reactive oxygen species in articular cartilage: modulators of ionic homeostasis. Pflugers Arch. 2008;455(4):563–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-007-0310-7.
- Girish P, Brian J, Johannes Z, Denitsa D, and Peter A. The importance of physioxia in mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and the mechanisms controlling its response. INT J MOL SCI 20 3 . 2019;484.
- Pattappa G, Johnstone B, Zellner J, Docheva D, and Angele P. The importance of physioxia in mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and the mechanisms controlling its response. Int J Mol Sci 20 3 . 2019;484.
- Pan J, Wang B, Li W, Zhou X, Scherr T, Yang Y, Price C, Wang L. Elevated cross-talk between subchondral bone and cartilage in osteoarthritic joints. Bone. 2012;51(2):212–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.030.
- Milner PI, Smith HC, Robinson R, Wilkins RJ, Gibson JS. Growth factor regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis under hypoxic conditions in isolated equine articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(2):197–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22221.
- Mennan C, Garcia J, McCarthy H, Owen S, Perry J, Wright K, Banerjee R, Richardson JB, Roberts S. Human articular chondrocytes retain their phenotype in sustained hypoxia while normoxia promotes their immunomodulatory potential. Cartilage. 2019;10(4):467–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603518769714.
- Tilwani RK, Vessillier S, Pingguan-Murphy B, Lee DA, Bader DL, Chowdhury TT. Oxygen tension modulates the effects of TNFα in compressed chondrocytes. Inflamm Res. 2017;66(1):49–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-016-0991-5.
- Hashimoto K, Fukuda K, Yamazaki K, Yamamoto N, Matsushita T, Hayakawa S, Munakata H, Hamanishi C. Hypoxia-induced hyaluronan synthesis by articular chondrocytes: the role of nitric oxide. Inflamm Res. 2006;55(2):72–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-005-0012-6.
- Fermor B, Gurumurthy A, Diekman BO. Hypoxia, RONS and energy metabolism in articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18(9):1167–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.06.004.
- Collins JA, Moots RJ, Clegg PD, Milner PI. Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine influence redox balance in equine articular chondrocytes under acidic and very low oxygen conditions. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015;86:57–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.008.
- Collins JA, Moots RJ, Winstanley R, Clegg PD, Milner PI. Oxygen and pH-sensitivity of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in 3-D alginate bead culture system. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(11):1790–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.028.
- Pattappa G, Schewior R, Hofmeister I, Seja J, Zellner J, Johnstone B, Docheva D, and Angele P. Physioxia has a beneficial effect on cartilage matrix production in interleukin-1 beta-inhibited mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis. Cells 8 8 . 2019;936.
- Leijten J, Georgi N, Moreira Teixeira L, van Blitterswijk CA, Post JN, Karperien M. Metabolic programming of mesenchymal stromal cells by oxygen tension directs chondrogenic cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(38):13954–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410977111.
- Adesida AB, Mulet-Sierra A, Jomha NM. Hypoxia mediated isolation and expansion enhances the chondrogenic capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2012;3(2):9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt100.
- Felka T, Schafer R, Schewe B, Benz K, Aicher WK. Hypoxia reduces the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on chondrogenic differentiation of FCS-free expanded MSC. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(10):1368–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.023.
- Anderson DE, Markway BD, Bond D, McCarthy HE, Johnstone B. Responses to altered oxygen tension are distinct between human stem cells of high and low chondrogenic capacity. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;7(1):154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0419-8.
- Nakazawa KR, Walter BA, Laudier DM, Krishnamoorthy D, Mosley GE, Spiller KL, Iatridis JC. Accumulation and localization of macrophage phenotypes with human intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J. 2018;18(2):343–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.09.018.
- Lieberthal J, Sambamurthy N, Scanzello CR. Inflammation in joint injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2015;23(11):1825–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.015.
- Kozijn AE, Tartjiono MT, Ravipati S, Van Der Ham F, Barrett DA, Mastbergen SC, Korthagen NM, Fpjg L, Zuurmond AM, Bobeldijk I, et al. Human C-reactive protein aggravates osteoarthritis development in mice on a high-fat diet. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(1):118–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.09.007.
- Wang T, He C. Pro-inflammatory cytokines: the link between obesity and osteoarthritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;44:38–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.10.002.
- Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Wang C, Huang Y, Dai K, Zhang X. TNF-α-induced LRG1 promotes angiogenesis and mesenchymal stem cell migration in the subchondral bone during osteoarthritis. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(3):e2715. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2017.129.
- Martin G, Andriamanalijaona R, Grässel S, Dreier R, Mathy-Hartert M, Bogdanowicz P, Boumédiene K, Henrotin Y, Bruckner P, Pujol JP. Effect of hypoxia and reoxygenation on gene expression and response to interleukin-1 in cultured articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(11):3549–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20596.
- Maneiro E, López-Armada MJ, De Andres MC, Caramés B, Martín MA, Bonilla A, Del Hoyo P, Galdo F, Arenas J, Blanco FJ. Effect of nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiratory activity of human articular chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(3):388–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.022152.
- Tomita M, Sato EF, Nishikawa M, Yamano Y, Inoue M. Nitric oxide regulates mitochondrial respiration and functions of articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:96–104.
- Clérigues V, Guillén MI, Castejón MA, Gomar F, Mirabet V, Alcaraz MJ. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates protective effects on inflammatory, catabolic and senescence responses induced by interleukin-1β in osteoarthritic osteoblasts. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012;83(3):395–405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.024.
- Son YO, Kim HE, Choi WS, Chun CH, Chun JS. RNA-binding protein ZFP36L1 regulates osteoarthritis by modulating members of the heat shock protein 70 family. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08035-7.
- Guan PP, Ding WY, Wang P. The roles of prostaglandin F2 in regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 via an insulin growth factor-2-dependent mechanism in sheared chondrocytes. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2018;3(1):27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-018-0029-2.
- Lin EA, Liu CJ. The role of ADAMTSs in arthritis. Protein Cell. 2010;1(1):33–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13238-010-0002-5.
- Mehana EE, Khafaga AF, El-Blehi SS. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: an updated review. Life Sci. 2019;234:116786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116786.
- Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Inflammation affects the viability and plasticity of equine mesenchymal stem cells: possible implications in intra-articular treatments. J Vet Sci. 2017;18(1):39–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.39.
- Zayed MN, Schumacher J, Misk N, Dhar MS. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on chondrogenesis of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow or synovial fluid. Vet J. 2016;217:26–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.014.
- Vézina Audette R, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP, Laverty S. Inflammatory stimuli differentially modulate the transcription of paracrine signaling molecules of equine bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013;21(8):1116–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.004.
- Kwon YW, Heo SC, Jeong GO, Yoon JW, Mo WM, Lee MJ, Jang IH, Kwon SM, Lee JS, Kim JH. Tumor necrosis factor-α-activated mesenchymal stem cells promote endothelial progenitor cell homing and angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1832(12):2136–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.08.002.
- Shi Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Liu K, Hou J, Shao C, Wang Y. Immunoregulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(8):493–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0023-5.
- Reesink HL, Sutton RM, Shurer CR, Peterson RP, Tan JS, Su J, Paszek MJ, Nixon AJ. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 expression in equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the effect of inflammation on MSC motility. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0691-2.
- Van Buul GM, Villafuertes E, Bos PK, Waarsing JH, Kops N, Narcisi R, Weinans H, Verhaar JA, Bernsen MR, Van Osch GJ. Mesenchymal stem cells secrete factors that inhibit inflammatory processes in short-term osteoarthritic synovium and cartilage explant culture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20(10):1186–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.003.
- Zhang S, Teo KYW, Chuah SJ, Lai RC, Lim SK, Toh WS. MSC exosomes alleviate temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by attenuating inflammation and restoring matrix homeostasis. Biomaterials. 2019;200:35–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.02.006.
- Vallés G, Bensiamar F, Maestro-Paramio L, García-Rey E, Vilaboa N, Saldaña L. Influence of inflammatory conditions provided by macrophages on osteogenic ability of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11(1):57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-1578-1.
- Barrachina L, Remacha AR, Romero A, Vázquez FJ, Albareda J, Prades M, Ranera B, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I, Rodellar C. Effect of inflammatory environment on equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2016;171:57–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.007.
- Barrachina L, Cequier A, Romero A, Vitoria A, Zaragoza P, Vázquez FJ, Rodellar C. Allo-antibody production after intraarticular administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an equine osteoarthritis model: effect of repeated administration, MSC inflammatory stimulation, and equine leukocyte antigen (ELA) compatibility. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11(1):52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-1571-8.
- Bundgaard L, Stensballe A, Elbæk KJ, Berg LC. Mass spectrometric analysis of the in vitro secretome from equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells to assess the effect of chondrogenic differentiation on response to interleukin-1β treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11(1):187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01706-7.
- Zhang C, Feinberg D, Alharbi M, Ding Z, Lu C, Jp O, Graves DT. Chondrocytes Promote Vascularization in Fracture Healing Through a FOXO1-Dependent Mechanism. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(3):547–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3610.
- Mapp PI, Walsh DA. Mechanisms and targets of angiogenesis and nerve growth in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:390–98.
- del Rey MJ, Izquierdo E, Caja S, Usategui A, Santiago B, Galindo M, Pablos JL. Human inflammatory synovial fibroblasts induce enhanced myeloid cell recruitment and angiogenesis through a hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1alpha/vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated pathway in immunodeficient mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2926–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24844.
- Ghimire K, Altmann HM, Straub AC, Isenberg JS. Nitric oxide: what’s new to NO? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2017;312(3):C254–c62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2016.
- Majima M, Amano H, Hayashi I. [Endogenous prostaglandins and angiogenesis]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2001;117(4):283–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.117.283.
- Aida Y, Maeno M, Suzuki N, Namba A, Motohashi M, Matsumoto M, Makimura M, Matsumura H. The effect of IL-1beta on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in human chondrocytes. Life Sci. 2006;79(8):764–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.038.
- Hügle T, Geurts J. What drives osteoarthritis?-synovial versus subchondral bone pathology. Rheumatol. 2017;56:1461–71.
- Lane LB, Bullough PG. Age-related changes in the thickness of the calcified zone and the number of tidemarks in adult human articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;63(3):2700–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.62B3.7410471.
- Ferguson VL, Bushby AJ, Boyde A. Nanomechanical properties and mineral concentration in articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone. J Anat. 2003;203(2):191–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00193.x.
- Burr DB, Gallant MA. Bone remodelling in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(11):665–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2012.130.
- Zuo Q, Lu S, Du Z, Friis T, Yao J, Crawford R, Prasadam I, Xiao Y. Characterization of nano-structural and nano-mechanical properties of osteoarthritic subchondral bone. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1):367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1226-1.
- Rabelo GD, Vom Scheidt A, Klebig F, Hemmatian H, Citak M, Amling M, Busse B, Jähn K. Multiscale bone quality analysis in osteoarthritic knee joints reveal a role of the mechanosensory osteocyte network in osteophytes. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):673. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57303-z.
- Burnett WD, Kontulainen SA, McLennan CE, Hazel D, Talmo C, Wilson DR, Hunter DJ, Johnston JD. Knee osteoarthritis patients with more subchondral cysts have altered tibial subchondral bone mineral density. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2388-9.
- Waldstein W, Kasparek MF, Faschingbauer M, Windhager R, Boettner F. Lateral-compartment Osteophytes are not Associated With Lateral-compartment Cartilage Degeneration in Arthritic Varus Knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(5):1386–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-5155-y.
- Birmingham E, Niebur GL, McHugh PE, Shaw G, Barry FP, McNamara LM. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by osteocyte and osteoblast cells in a simplified bone niche. Eur Cell Mater. 2012;23:13–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v023a02.
- Liao C, Zhang C, Jin L, Yang Y. IL-17 alters the mesenchymal stem cell niche towards osteogenesis in cooperation with osteocytes. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(5):4466–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29323.
- Yu D, Xu J, Liu F, Wang X, Mao Y, Zhu Z. Subchondral bone changes and the impacts on joint pain and articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clin Exp Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34:929–34.
- Bellido M, Lugo L, Roman-Blas JA, Castañeda S, Caeiro JR, Dapia S, Calvo E, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Subchondral bone microstructural damage by increased remodelling aggravates experimental osteoarthritis preceded by osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3103.
- Chu L, Liu X, He Z, Han X, Yan M, Qu X, Li X, Yu Z. Articular cartilage degradation and aberrant subchondral bone remodeling in patients with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35(3):505–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3909.
- Čamernik K, Mihelič A, Mihalič R, Marolt Presen D, Janež A, Trebše R, Marc J, Zupan J. Increased exhaustion of the subchondral bone-derived mesenchymal stem/ stromal cells in primary versus dysplastic osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020;16(4):742–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09964-x.
- Prasadam I, Farnaghi S, Feng JQ, Gu W, Perry S, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Impact of extracellular matrix derived from osteoarthritis subchondral bone osteoblasts on osteocytes: role of integrinβ1 and focal adhesion kinase signaling cues. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4333.
- Lu J, Zhang H, Cai D, Zeng C, Lai P, Shao Y, Fang H, Li D, Ouyang J, Zhao C, et al. Positive-feedback regulation of subchondral h-type vessel formation by chondrocyte promotes osteoarthritis development in mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(5):909–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3388.
- Walsh DA, McWilliams DF, Turley MJ, Dixon MR, Fransès RE, Mapp PI, Wilson D. Angiogenesis and nerve growth factor at the osteochondral junction in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatol. 2010;49(10):1852–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keq188.
- Suri S, Gill SE, Massena de Camin S, Wilson D, McWilliams DF, Da W. Neurovascular invasion at the osteochondral junction and in osteophytes in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1423–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.063354.
- Walsh DA, Bonnet CS, Turner EL, Wilson D, Situ M, McWilliams DF. Angiogenesis in the synovium and at the osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15(7):743–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.020.
- Hamilton JL, Nagao M, Levine BR, Chen D, Olsen BR, Im HJ. Targeting VEGF and Its receptors for the treatment of osteoarthritis and associated pain. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(5):911–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2828.
- Guo K, Wang GY, Fan BT, Sah MK, Qu PY, Zhang SY. The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on mouse condylar articular cartilage cultured in vitro. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2018;11:5194–202.
- Ashraf S, Mapp PI, Walsh DA. Contributions of angiogenesis to inflammation, joint damage, and pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(9):2700–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30422.
- Marsano A, Medeiros da Cunha CM, Ghanaati S, Gueven S, Centola M, Tsaryk R, Barbeck M, Stuedle C, Barbero A, Helmrich U, et al. Spontaneous in vivo chondrogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells by blocking vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2016;5(12):1730–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0321.
- Senol O, Gundogdu G, Gundogdu K, Miloglu FD. Investigation of the relationships between knee osteoarthritis and obesity via untargeted metabolomics analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(5):1351–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-019-04428-1.
- Milošev I, Levašič V, Vidmar J, Kovač S, Trebše R. pH and metal concentration of synovial fluid of osteoarthritic joints and joints with metal replacements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2017;105(8):2507–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33793.
- Roman MD, Fleaca RS, Boicean A, Bratu D, Birlutiu V, Rus LL, Cristian T, Cernusca Mitariu SI. Mitariu Sebastian ioan cernusca assessment of synovial fluid ph in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Revista De Chimie. 2017;68(6):1242–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.37358/RC.17.6.5649.
- Fliefel R, Popov C, Troltzsch M, Kuhnisch J, Ehrenfeld M, Otto S. Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and mineralization but not osteogenic differentiation are strongly affected by extracellular pH. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44(6):715–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2016.03.003.
- Simao AM, Bolean M, Hoylaerts MF, Millan JL, Ciancaglini P. Effects of pH on the production of phosphate and pyrophosphate by matrix vesicles’ biomimetics. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;93(3):222–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9745-3.
- Liu W, Wang T, Yang C, Darvell BW, Wu J, Lin K, Chang J, Pan H, Lu WW. Alkaline biodegradable implants for osteoporotic bone defects–importance of microenvironment pH. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):93–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3217-8.
- Galow AM, Rebl A, Koczan D, Bonk SM, Baumann W, Gimsa J. Increased osteoblast viability at alkaline pH in vitro provides a new perspective on bone regeneration. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2017;10:17–25.
- Kohn DH, Sarmadi M, Helman JI, Krebsbach PH. Effects of pH on human bone marrow stromal cells in vitro: implications for tissue engineering of bone. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002;60(2):292–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10050.
- Lee GH, Hwang JD, Choi JY, Park HJ, Cho JY, Kim KW, Chae HJ, Kim HR. An acidic pH environment increases cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in osteoblasts: the involvement of BAX inhibitor-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2011;43(9):1305–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.004.
- Ulku TK, Kocaoglu B, Gereli A, Uslu S, Nalbantoglu U. Low pH irrigation fluids have positive effect on intra-articular chondral healing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(3):936–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4796-z.
- Ji B, Zhang Z, Guo W, Ma H, Xu B, Mu W, Amat A, Cao L. Isoliquiritigenin blunts osteoarthritis by inhibition of bone resorption and angiogenesis in subchondral bone. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1721. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19162-y.
- Cui Z, Crane J, Xie H, Jin X, Zhen G, Li C, Xie L, Wang L, Bian Q, Qiu T. Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibition of TGF-β activity and H-type vessel formation in subchondral bone. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(9):1714–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207923.
- Mu W, Xu B, Ma H, Li J, Ji B, Zhang Z, Amat A, Cao L. HalofuginoneFage. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:269. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00269.