454
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Early Pesticide Exposure and Later Mortality in Rural Africa: A New Hypothesis

, , &
Pages 33-40 | Received 12 Jan 2005, Accepted 03 Mar 2005, Published online: 09 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Abdel-Khalik M. M., Hanafy M. S., Abdel-Aziz M. I. Studies on the teratogenic effects of deltamethrin in rats. Dtsch. Tierartl. Wochenschr. 1993; 100: 142–143
  • Abdel-Rahman A. A., Blumenthal G. M., Abou-Donia S. A., Ali F. A., Abdel-Monem A. E., Abou-Donia M. B. Pharmacokinetic profile and placental transfer of a single intravenous injection of [14C]-chlorpyrifos in pregnant rats. Arch. Toxicol. 2002; 76: 452–459, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003, 〈www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp155-c2.pdf〉
  • Aguilar A., Raga J. A. The striped dolphin epizootic in the Mediterranean Sea. Ambio 1993; 22: 524–528
  • Banerjee B. D., Saha S., Mohapatra T. K., Ray A. Influence of dietary protein on DDT-induced immune responsiveness in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1995; 33: 739–744, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Banerjee B. D., Ray A., Pasha S. T. A comparative evaluation of immunotoxicity of DDT and its metabolites in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1996; 34: 517–522, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Barnett J. B., Soderberg L. S. F., Menna J. H. The effect of prenatal chlordane exposure on the delayed hypersensitivity response of BALB/c mice. Toxicol. Lett. 1987; 25: 173–183, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Barnett J. B., Gibson L. F., Landreth K. S. Developmental immunotoxicity of chlordane. Developmental Immunotoxicology, S. D. Holladay. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FloridaUSA 2005; pp. 153–168
  • Beaman J. R., Finch R., Gardner H., Hoffmann F., Rosencrance A., Zelikoff J. T. Mammalian immunoassays for predicting the toxicity of malathion in a laboratory fish model. J. Toxicol. Environ Health. A 1999; 56: 523–542, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Benjaminov O., Hoffer E., Taitelman U., Urbach J., Brandes J. M. Parathion transfer and acetylcholinerterase activity in an in vitro-perfused term human placenta. Vet. Human Toxicol. 1992; 34: 10–12, [CSA]
  • Bissacot D. Z., Vassilieff I. HPLC determination of flumethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and cyhalothrin residues in the milk and blood of lactating dairy cows. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1997; 21: 397–402, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Blakley B. R., Yole M. J., Brousseau P., Boermans H., Fournier M. Effect of chlorpyrifos on immune function in rats. Vet. Human Toxicol. 1999; 41: 140–144, [CSA]
  • Blaylock B. L., Abdel-Nasser M., Mcarty S. M., Knesel J. A., Tolson K. M., Ferguson P. W. Suppression of cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice following oral exposure to permethrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1995; 54: 768–774, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Bonyata K. 2002, 〈www.kellymom.com/health/illness/mom-health-misc.html.〉
  • Choi S. M., Yoo S. D., Lee B. M. Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. 2004; 7: 1–24, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Collinson A. C., Moore S. E., Cole T. J., Prentice A. M. Birth season and environmental influences on patterns of thymic growth in rural Gambian infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 2003; 92: 1014–1020
  • Cooper G. S., Martin S. A., Longnecker M. P., Sandler D. P., Germolec D. R. Associations between plasma DDE levels and immunologic measures in African-American farmers in North Carolina. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 1080–1084, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Daniel V., Huber W., Bauer K. Associations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) 4.4 blood levels with plasma IL-4. Arch. Environ. Health 2002; 57: 541–547, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • De Guise S., Martineau D., Beland P., Fournier M. Effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale leukocytes to selected organochlorines. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1998; 55: 479–493, [CROSSREF]
  • Desi I., Varga L., Dobronyi I., Szklenaric G. Immunotoxicological investigation of the effect of a pesticide: Cypermethrin. Arch. Toxicol. 1985; 8: 305–309
  • Dewailly E., Bruneau S., Laliberte C., Belles-Iles M., Weber J. P., Roy R. Breast milk contamination by PCBs and PCDDs/ PCDFs in arctic Quebec: Preliminary results on the immune status of Inuit infants. Dioxin '93. 1993a; pp. 403–406
  • Dewailly E., Bruneau S., Laliberte C., Gingras S., Belanger D., Ferron L. Health status at birth of Inuit newborn prenatally exposed to organochlorines. Chemosphere 1993b; 27: 1–3, [CROSSREF]
  • Enan E., Pinkerton K. E., Peake J., Matsumura F. Deltamethrin-induced thymus atrophy in male BALB/c mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996; 51: 447–454, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Faith R. E., Moore J. A. Impairment of thymus-dependent immune functions by exposure of the developing immune system to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1977; 3: 451–464, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Fine J. S., Gasiewicz A., Silverstone A. E. Lymphocyte stem cell alterations following perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989; 35: 18–28, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Galetin-Smith R., Pavkov S., Roncevic N. DDT and PCBs in human milk: Implication for breast feeding infants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1990; 45: 811–818, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Galloway T., Handy R. Immunotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides. Ecotoxicology 2003; 12: 345–363, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Gehrs B. C., Smialowicz R. J. Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicology 1999; 134: 79–88, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Gogal R. M., Jr., Holladay S. D. Developmental immunotoxicity of therapeutic immunosuppressive drugs. Developmental Immunotoxicology, S. D. Holladay. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FloridaUSA 2005; pp. 179–192
  • Gomes M. S., Bernardi M. M., Spinosa H. S. Effects of prenatal pyrethroid insecticide exposure on the sexual development of rats. Vet. Human Toxicol. 1991; 33: 427–428, [CSA]
  • Hadnagy W., Leng G., Sugiri D., Ranft U., Idel H. Pyrethroids used indoors—immune status of humans exposed to pyrethroids following a pest control operation—a year follow-up study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2003; 206: 93–102, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Classes of Pesticides., W. J. Hayes, E. R. Laws. Academic Press Inc., New York 1990; Vol 3
  • Holladay S. D., Lindstrom P., Blaylock B. L., Comment C. E., Germolec D. R., Heindel J. J., Luster M. I. Perinatal thymocyte antigen expression and postnatal immune development altered by gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Teratology 1991; 44: 385–393, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Holladay S. D., Luster M. I. Developmental immunotoxicology. Developmental Toxicology, C. A. Kimmel, J. Buelke-Sam. Raven Press, New York 1994; pp. 93–118
  • Holladay S. D., Smialowicz R. J. Development of the murine and human immune system: Differential effects of immunotoxicants depend on time of exposure. Environ. Health. Perspect. 2000; 108: 463–473, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Hrubec T. C., Blaylock B. L., Holladay S. D. Developmental immunotoxicity of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Developmental Immunotoxicology, S. D. Holladay. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FloridaUSA 2005; pp. 139–152
  • Ivie G. W., Hunt L. M. Metabolites of cis- and trans-permethrin in lactating goats. J. Argic. Food Chem. 1980; 28: 1131–1138, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Julien G., Baxter J. D., Crago M., Ilecki H. J., Therien F. Chronic otitis media and hearing deficit among native children of Kuujjuaraapik (Northern Quebec): A pilot project. Canad. J. Pub. Health 1987; 78: 57–61, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Kacew S. Current issues in lactation: Advantages, environment, silicone. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1994; 7: 307–319, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Karpuzoglu-Sahin E., Hissong B. D., Ahmed S. A. Interferon-gamma levels are upregulated by 17-beta-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2001; 52: 113–127, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • The Basic Science of Poisons., C. D. Klaassen, M. O. Amdur, J. Doull. McGraw-Hill, New York 1996
  • Kunisue T., Someya M., Monirith I., Watanabe M., Tana T. S., Tanabe S. Occurrence of PCBs, organochlorine insecticides, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in human breast milk collected from Cambodia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004; 46: 405–412, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Lahvis G. P., Wells R. S., Casper D., Via C. S. In vitro lymphocyte response of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Mitogen-induced proliferation. Mar. Environ. Res. 1993; 35: 115–119, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Lahvis G. P., Wells R. S., Kuehl D. W., Stewart J. L., Rhinehart H. L., Via C. S. Decreased lymphocyte responses in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral blood. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995; 103: 67–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Lee M., Harris K., Trowbridge N. Effect of the level of dietary protein on the toxicity of dieldrin for the laboratory rat. J. Nutr. 1964; 84: 136–144, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Lindstrom G., Hooper K., Petreas M., Stephens R., Gilman A. Workshop on Perinatal Exposure to Dioxins-Like Compounds. I. Summary. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995; 103: 135–142, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Linzey D., Burroughs J., Hudson L., Marini M., Robertson J., Bacon J. Role of environmental pollutants on immune functions, parasitic infections and limb malformations in marine toads and whistling frogs from Bermuda. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2003; 13: 125–148, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Loevinsohn M. E. Insecticide use and increased mortality in rural Central Luzon, Philippines. Lancet 1987; 1359–1362, [CROSSREF]
  • Madsen C., Claesson M. H., Ropke C. Immunotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticides deltametrin and alpha-cypermetrin. Toxicology 1996; 107: 219–227, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Milston R. H., Fitzpatrick M. S., Vella A. T., Clements S., Gundersen D., Feist G. Short-term exposure of Chinook salmon (Oncoryhnchus tshawytscha) to o,p′-DDE or DMSO during early life-history stages causes long-term humoral immunosuppression. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1601–1607, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Moore S. E., Cole T. J., Collinson A. C., Poskitt E. M., McGregor I. A., Prentice A. M. Prenatal or early postnatal events predict infectious deaths in young adulthood in rural Africa. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1999; 28: 1088–1095, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Moore S. E., Collinson A. C., Prentice A. M. Immune function in rural Gambian children is not related to season of birth, birth size, or maternal supplementation status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001; 74: 840–847, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Muckle G., Ayotte P., Dewailly E., Jacobson S. W., Jacobson J. L. Prenatal exposure of the northern Quebec Inuit infants to environmental contaminants. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002; 109: 1291–1299, [CSA]
  • Mulvad G., Pedersen H. S., Hansen J. C., Dewailly E., Jul E., Pederson M. B., Bjerregaard P., Malcom G. T., Deguchi Y., Middaugh J. P. Exposure of Greenlandic Inuit to organochlorines and heavy metals through the marine food-chain: An international study. Sci. Total Environ. 1996; 186: 137–139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Navarro H. A., Basta P. V., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Neonatal chlorpyrifos administration elicits deficits in immune function in adulthood: A neural effect?. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 2001; 130: 249–252, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Neishabouri E. Z., Hassan Z. M., Azizi E., Ostad S. N. Evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by diazinon in C57Bl/6 mice. Toxicology 2004; 196: 173–179, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Nunez G. M. A., Estrada I., Calderon-Aranda E. S. DDT inhibits the functional activation of murine macrophages and decreases resistance to infection by Mycobacterium microti. Toxicology 2002; 174: 201–210, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Prater M. R., Blaylock B. L., Chen J., Gogal R. M., Jr., Holladay S. D. Combined dermal exposure to permethrin and cis-urocanic acid suppresses the contact hypersensitivity response in C57Bl/6 mice in an additive manner. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2005; 78: 29–34, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Proulx J. F. Meningitis in Hudson's Bay, Northern Quebec, Canada. Arctic Med. Res. 1988; 47: 686–687, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Punareewattana K., Smith B. J., Blaylock B. L., Robertson J. L., Gogal R. M., Jr., Prater M. R., Longstreth J., Holladay S. D. Topical permethrin exposure causes thymic atrophy and persistent inhibition of the contact hypersensitivity response in C57BI/6 mice. Int. J. Toxicol. 2000; 19: 383–389, [CSA]
  • Punareewattana K., Smith B. J., Blaylock B. L., Gogal R. M., Jr., Prater M. R., Longstreth J., Holladay S. D. Topical permethrin inhibits antibody production and macrophage function in C57Bl/6 mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2001; 39: 133–139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Rashatwar S. S., Matsumura F. Interaction of DDT and pyrethroids with calmodulin and its significance in the expression of enzyme activities of phosphodiesterase. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1985; 34: 1689–1694, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Repetto R., Baliga S. Pesticides and the Immune System: The Public Health Risks. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC 1996
  • Sassine A., Moura A., Leo V. M., Bustillos O. V. Cypermethrin residues determination in the milk of a lactating dairy cow by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2004; 28: 238–241, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Saxena M. C., Siddiqui M. K., Bhargava A. K., Murti C. R., Kutty D. Placental transfer of pesticides in humans. Arch. Toxicol. 1981; 48: 127–134, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Saxena M. C., Seth T. D., Mahajan P. L. Organochlorine pesticides in human placenta and accompanying fluid. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1980; 7: 245–251, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Siddiqui M. K., Saxena M. C., Bhargava A. K., Murti C. R., Kutty D. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in blood of newborn babies in India. Pesticide Monit. J. 1981; 15: 77–79
  • Spencer F., Berhane Z. Uterine and fetal characteristics in rates following a post-implantational exposure to permethrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1982; 29: 84–88, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Spyker-Cranmer J. M., Barnett J. B., Avery D. L., Cranmer M. F. Immunoteratology of chlordane: Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in adult mice exposed in utero. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1982; 62: 402–408, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
  • Thrasher J. D., Heuser G., Broughton A. Immunological abnormalities in humans chronically exposed to chlorpyrifos. Arch. Environ. Health 2002; 57: 181–187, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Thrasher J. D., Madison R., Broghton A. Immunological abnormalities in humans exposed to chlorpyrifos: Preliminary observations. Arch. Environ. Health 1993; 48: 89–93, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Turner P. C., Moore S. E., Hall A. J., Prentice A. M., Wild C. P. Modification of immune function through exposure to dietary aflatoxin in Gambian children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 217–220, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • USEPA. Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 199: Cypermethrin. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Div, Washington, DC 1989a
  • USEPA. Pesticide Environmental Fate One Line Summary: DDT (p, p′). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 1989b
  • Weber H., Birnbaum L. S. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-furan (TCDF) in pregnant C57BL/6N mice: Distribution and excretion. Arch. Toxicol. 1985; 57: 159–162, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF]
  • Wiltrout R. W., Ercegovich C. D., Ceglowski W. S. Humoral immunity in mice following oral administration of selected pesticides. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1978; 20: 423–431
  • You L., Gazi E., Archibeque-Engle S., Casanova M., Conolly R. B., Heck H. A. Transplacental and lactational transfer of p,p-DDE in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1999; 157: 134–144, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.