Air pollution hazard assessment using decision tree algorithms and bivariate probability cluster polar function: evaluating inter-correlation clusters of PM10 and other air pollutants

References

• Afzali, A., M. Rashid, M. Afzali, and V. Younesi. 2017. “Prediction of Air Pollutants Concentrations from Multiple Sources Using AERMOD Coupled with WRF Prognostic Model.” Journal of Cleaner Production 166: 1216–1225. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. 2015. “Imputation by Predictive Mean Matching: Promise & Peril.” Statistical Horizons, Accessed 12 September 2019. https://statisticalhorizons.com/predictive-mean-matching
   Google Scholar
• Althuwaynee, O. F., and B. Pradhan. 2017. “Semi-quantitative Landslide Risk Assessment Using GIS-based Exposure Analysis in Kuala Lumpur City.” Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 8 (2): 706–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Althuwaynee, O. F., W. Musakwa, T. Gumbo, and S. Reis. 2017. “Applicability of R Statistics in Analyzing Landslides Spatial Patterns in Northern Turkey.” 2nd International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Applications (ICKEA). Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Awang, M. B., A. B. Jaafar, A. M. Abdullah, M. B. Ismail, M. N. Hassan, R. Abdullah, S. Johan, and H. Noor. 2000. “Air Quality in Malaysia: Impacts, Management Issues and Future Challenges.” Respirology 5 (2): 183–196. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00248.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bae, M.-S., J. J. Schwab, W.-N. Chen, C.-Y. Lin, O. V. Rattigan, and K. L. Demerjian. 2011. “Identifying Pollutant Source Directions Using Multiple Analysis Methods at a Rural Location in New York.” Atmospheric Environment 45 (15): 2531–2540. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlin, J. N., Q. Zhou, C. M. S. Clair, A. Iasonos, R. A. Soslow, K. M. Alektiar, M. L. Hensley, M. M. Leitao Jr, R. R. Barakat, and N. R. Abu-Rustum. 2013. “Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis of Endometrial Carcinoma: Seeing the Forest for the Trees.” Gynecologic Oncology 130 (3): 452–456. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brieman, L., J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. 1984. “Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont (CA): Wadsworth. Google Scholar.
   Google Scholar
• Brodny, J., and M. Tutak. 2019. “Analysis of the Diversity in Emissions of Selected Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in the European Union Countries.” Journal of Environmental Management 231: 582–595. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buuren, S. V., and K. Groothuis-Oudshoorn. 2010. “Mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R.” Journal of Statistical Software, 45 (3): 1–68.
   Google Scholar
• Carslaw, D. C., and K. Ropkins. 2012. “Openair—An R Package for Air Quality Data Analysis.” Environmental Modelling & Software 27: 52–61. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carslaw, D. C., and S. D. Beevers. 2013. “Characterising and Understanding Emission Sources Using Bivariate Polar Plots and K-means Clustering.” Environmental Modelling & Software 40: 325–329. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carslaw, D. C., S. D. Beevers, K. Ropkins, and M. C. Bell. 2006. “Detecting and Quantifying Aircraft and Other On-airport Contributions to Ambient Nitrogen Oxides in the Vicinity of a Large International Airport.” Atmospheric Environment 40 (28): 5424–5434. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaloulakou, A., I. Mavroidis, and I. Gavriil. 2008. “Compliance with the Annual NO2 Air Quality Standard in Athens. Required NOx Levels and Expected Health Implications.” Atmospheric Environment 42 (3): 454–465. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charrad, M., N. Ghazzali, V. Boiteau, A. Niknafs, and M. M. Charrad. 2014. “Package ‘nbclust’.” Journal of Statistical Software 61: 1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Y. Wang, S. Li, W. Cao, H. Ren, L. D. Knibbs, M. J. Abramson, and Y. Guo. 2018. “Spatiotemporal Patterns of PM10 Concentrations over China during 2005–2016: A Satellite-based Estimation Using the Random Forests Approach.” Environmental Pollution 242: 605–613. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Z., M. Nakatsugawa, H. Chen, S. P. Robertson, X. Hui, J. A. Moore, M. R. Bowers, A. P. Kiess, B. R. Page, and L. Burns. 2018. “Evaluation of Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Model in Weight Loss Prediction following Head and Neck Cancer Radiation Therapy.” Advances in Radiation Oncology 3 (3): 346–355. doi:10.1016/j.adro.2017.11.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Rooij, M. M. T., D. J. J. Heederik, F. Borlée, G. Hoek, and I. M. Wouters. 2017. “Spatial and Temporal Variation in Endotoxin and PM10 Concentrations in Ambient Air in a Livestock Dense Area.” Environmental Research 153: 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominick, D., H. Juahir, M. T. Latif, S. M. Zain, and A. Z. Aris. 2012. “Spatial Assessment of Air Quality Patterns in Malaysia Using Multivariate Analysis.” Atmospheric Environment 60: 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filonchyk, M., H. Yan, and L. Xiaojun. 2018. “Temporal and Spatial Variation of Particulate Matter and Its Correlation with Other Criteria of Air Pollutants in Lanzhou, China, in Spring-summer Periods.” Atmospheric Pollution Research. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2018.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortelli, A., N. Scafetta, and A. Mazzarella. 2016. “Influence of Synoptic and Local Atmospheric Patterns on PM10 Air Pollution Levels: A Model Application to Naples (Italy).” Atmospheric Environment 143: 218–228. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., F. She, S. Wang, B. Liu, J. Li, and J. Wang. 2011. “Assessment on Air Quality in Lanzhou and Its Relation with Meteorological Conditions.” Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment 25 (11): 100–105.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, R., G. A. Norris, R. Vedantham, and J. R. Turner. 2009. “Source Region Identification Using Kernel Smoothing.” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (11): 4090–4097. doi:10.1021/es8011723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, M. Zamri., M. Ismail, and Y. K. Hwang. (2012). Mapping The Spatial Distribution Of Criteria Air Pollutants in Peninsular Malaysia Using Geographical Information System (GIS). Intech. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/books/air-pollution-monitoring-modelling-and-health/mapping-the-spatial-distribution-of-criteria-air-pollutants-in-peninsular-malaysia-using-geographica
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, D., Y. Zhang, H. Xiang, Y. Zeng, J. Tan, and D. Shao. 2004. “Progress in Developing an ANN Model for Air Pollution Index Forecast.” Atmospheric Environment 38 (40): 7055–7064. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, W., Y. Wang, M.-H. Tsou, and F. Xiaokang. 2015. “Using Social Media to Detect Outdoor Air Pollution and Monitor Air Quality Index (AQI): A Geo-targeted Spatiotemporal Analysis Framework with Sina Weibo (Chinese Twitter).” PloS One 10 (10): e0141185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamińska, J. A. 2018. “The Use of Random Forests in Modelling Short-term Air Pollution Effects Based on Traffic and Meteorological Conditions: A Case Study in Wrocław.” Journal of Environmental Management 217: 164–174. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, E., and P. K. Hopke. 2004. “Comparison between Conditional Probability Function and Nonparametric Regression for Fine Particle Source Directions.” Atmospheric Environment 38 (28): 4667–4673. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, D. 2018. “Evolving Differential Evolution Method with Random Forest for Prediction of Air Pollution.” Procedia Computer Science 132: 824–833. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2018.05.094.
   Google Scholar
• Kunsch, H. R. 1989. “The Jackknife and the Bootstrap for General Stationary Observations.” The Annals of Statistics 1217–1241. doi:10.1214/aos/1176347265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latif, M. T., D. Dominick, F. Ahamad, M. F. Khan, L. Juneng, F. M. Hamzah, and M. S. M. Nadzir. 2014. “Long Term Assessment of Air Quality from a Background Station on the Malaysian Peninsula.” Science of the Total Environment 482: 336–348. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., and B. Pradhan. 2007. “Landslide Hazard Mapping at Selangor, Malaysia Using Frequency Ratio and Logistic Regression Models.” Landslides 4 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1007/s10346-006-0047-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, C., B. H. Henderson, D. Wang, X. Yang, and Z.-R. Peng. 2016. “A Land Use Regression Application into Assessing Spatial Variation of Intra-urban Fine Particulate Matter (PM2. 5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Concentrations in City of Shanghai, China.” Science of the Total Environment 565: 607–615. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manimaran, P., and A. C. Narayana. 2018. “Multifractal Detrended Cross-correlation Analysis on Air Pollutants of University of Hyderabad Campus, India.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 502: 228–235. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2018.02.160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meraz, M., E. Rodriguez, R. Femat, J. C. Echeverria, and J. Alvarez-Ramirez. 2015. “Statistical Persistence of Air Pollutants (O3, SO2, NO2 and PM10) in Mexico City.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 427: 202–217. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad, N. D., Z. H. Ash’aari, and M. Othman. 2015. “Preliminary Assessment of Air Pollutant Sources Identification at Selected Monitoring Stations in Klang Valley, Malaysia.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 30: 121–126. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.021.
   Google Scholar
• Murena, F. 2004. “Measuring Air Quality over Large Urban Areas: Development and Application of an Air Pollution Index at the Urban Area of Naples.” Atmospheric Environment 38 (36): 6195–6202. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazif, A., N. I. Mohammed, A. Malakahmad, and M. S. Abualqumboz. 2018. “Regression and Multivariate Models for Predicting Particulate Matter Concentration Level.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25 (1): 283–289. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0407-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, M. C., L. Dupont-Courtade, and W. Oueslati. 2016. “Air Pollution and Urban Structure Linkages: Evidence from European Cities.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B., and N. Schenker. 1986. “Multiple Imputation for Interval Estimation from Simple Random Samples with Ignorable Nonresponse.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 81 (394): 366–374. doi:10.1080/01621459.1986.10478280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanusi, M. S. M., A. T. Ramli, W. M. S. W. Hassan, M. H. Lee, A. Izham, M. N. Said, H. Wagiran, and A. Heryanshah. 2017. “Assessment of Impact of Urbanisation on Background Radiation Exposure and Human Health Risk Estimation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.” Environment International 104: 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, A. D., J. W. Bartlett, J. Carpenter, O. Nicholas, and H. Hemingway. 2014. “Comparison of Random Forest and Parametric Imputation Models for Imputing Missing Data Using MICE: A CALIBER Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 179 (6): 764–774. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakir, S. K., A. Azizullah, W. Murad, M. K. Daud, F. Nabeela, H. Rahman, S. Ur Rehman, and D.-P. Häder. 2016. “Toxic Metal Pollution in Pakistan and Its Possible Risks to Public Health.” In de Voogt P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 242. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Continuation of Residue Reviews), vol 242. Springer, Cham
   Google Scholar
• Silva, M., V. Oliveira, and V. Leal. 2016. “Urban Morphology and Energy: Progress and Prospects.” Urban Morphology 20:72–73.
   Google Scholar
• Sulong, N. A., M. T. Latif, M. F. Khan, N. Amil, M. J. Ashfold, M. I. A. Wahab, K. M. Chan, and M. Sahani. 2017. “Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment among Specific Age Groups during Haze and Non-haze Episodes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.” Science of the Total Environment 601: 556–570. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X. W., P. L. Chen, L. Ren, Y. N. Lin, J. P. Zhou, N. Lei, and Q. Y. Li. 2018. “The Cumulative Effect of Air Pollutants on the Acute Exacerbation of COPD in Shanghai, China.” Science of the Total Environment 622: 875–881. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, Y., X. Yao, and L. Chen. 2019. “Analysis of Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Air Pollutants by Incorporating Urban Morphological Characteristics.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 75: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uria-Tellaetxe, I., and D. C. Carslaw. 2014. “Conditional Bivariate Probability Function for Source Identification.” Environmental Modelling & Software 59: 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westmoreland, E. J., N. Carslaw, D. C. Carslaw, A. Gillah, and E. Bates. 2007. “Analysis of Air Quality within a Street Canyon Using Statistical and Dispersion Modelling Techniques.” Atmospheric Environment 41 (39): 9195–9205. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, R. R. 2010. Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods: Substantially Improving Power and Accuracy. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Yubero, E., A. Carratalá, J. Crespo, J. Nicolás, M. Santacatalina, S. Nava, F. Lucarelli, and M. Chiari. 2011. “PM10 Source Apportionment in the Surroundings of the San Vicente Del Raspeig Cement Plant Complex in Southeastern Spain.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 18 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1007/s11356-010-0352-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., L.-Y. Zhang, M. Du, W. Zhang, X. Huang, Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-Y. Yang, J.-M. Zhang, S.-H. Deng, and F. Shen. 2016. “Indentifying the Major Air Pollutants Base on Factor and Cluster Analysis, a Case Study in 74 Chinese Cities.” Atmospheric Environment 144: 37–46. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., S. Barber, C. C. Taylor, and Z. Milan. 2018. “Classification Tree Methods for Panel Data Using Wavelet-transformed Time Series.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. doi:10.1016/j.csda.2018.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar