Trends, turning points, and driving forces of desertification in global arid land based on the segmental trend method and SHAP model

References

• Abatzoglou, J. T., S. Z. Dobrowski, S. A. Parks, and K. C. Hegewisch. 2018. “TerraClimate, a High-Resolution Global Dataset of Monthly Climate and Climatic Water Balance from 1958–2015.” Scientific Data 5 (1): 170191. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari, M., R. Modarres, and M. Alizadeh Noughani. 2020. “Assessing Early Warning for Desertification Hazard Based on E-SMART Indicators in Arid Regions of Northeastern Iran.” Journal of Arid Environments 174:104086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badreldin, N., A. Frankl, and R. Goossens. 2014. “Assessing the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation Cover as an Indicator of Desertification in Egypt Using Multi-Temporal MODIS Satellite Images.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7 (11): 4461–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1142-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balha, A., J. Mallick, S. Pandey, S. Gupta, and C. K. Singh. 2021. “A Comparative Analysis of Different Pixel and Object-Based Classification Algorithms Using Multi-Source High Spatial Resolution Satellite Data for LULC Mapping.” Earth Science Informatics 14 (4): 2231–2247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-021-00685-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batunacun, W. R., T. Lakes, and C. Nendel. 2021. “Using Shapley Additive Explanations to Interpret Extreme Gradient Boosting Predictions of Grassland Degradation in Xilingol, China.” Geoscientific Model Development 14 (3): 1493–1510. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1493-2021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becerril, P. R., and L. C. A. Mastachi. 2021. “Desertification: Causes and Countermeasures.” In Life on Land, edited by W. Leal Filho, A. M. Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, and T. Wall, 219–231. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95981-8_81.
   Google Scholar
• Bestelmeyer, B. T., D. P. C. Peters, S. R. Archer, D. M. Browning, G. S. Okin, R. L. Schooley, and N. P. Webb. 2018. “The Grassland–Shrubland Regime Shift in the Southwestern United States: Misconceptions and Their Implications for Management.” BioScience 68 (9): 678–690. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biy065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezerra, F. G. S., A. P. D. Aguiar, R. C. S. Alvalá, A. Giarolla, K. R. A. Bezerra, P. V. P. S. Lima, F. R. Do Nascimento, and E. Arai. 2020. “Analysis of Areas Undergoing Desertification, Using EVI2 Multi-Temporal Data Based on MODIS Imagery as Indicator.” Ecological Indicators 117:106579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiman, L. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning, D. M., J. J. Maynard, J. W. Karl, and D. C. Peters. 2017. “Breaks in MODIS Time Series Portend Vegetation Change: Verification Using Long-Term Data in an Arid Grassland Ecosystem.” Ecological Applications 27 (5): 1677–1693. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T., and C. Guestrin. 2016. “XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.” Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939785.
   Google Scholar
• Descals, A., A. Verger, G. Yin, I. Filella, and J. Peñuelas. 2023. “Local Interpretation of Machine Learning Models in Remote Sensing with SHAP: The Case of Global Climate Constraints on Photosynthesis Phenology.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 44 (10): 3160–3173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2023.2217982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Odorico, P., A. Bhattachan, K. F. Davis, S. Ravi, and C. W. Runyan. 2013. “Global Desertification: Drivers and Feedbacks.” Advances in Water Resources, 35th Year Anniversary 51 (51): 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013.
   Google Scholar
• Eskandari Dameneh, H., H. Gholami, M. W. Telfer, J. R. Comino, A. L. Collins, and J. D. Jansen. 2021. “Desertification of Iran in the Early Twenty-First Century: Assessment Using Climate and Vegetation Indices.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 20548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99636-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr, T. G., P. A. Rosen, E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren, S. Hensley, M. Kobrick, et al. 2007. “The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission.” Reviews of Geophysics 45 (2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Q., H. Ma, X. Jiang, X. Wang, and S. Cao. 2015. “What has Caused Desertification in China?” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 15998. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, D.-C., W.-J. Wang, S. Mangalathu, and E. Taciroglu. 2021. “Interpretable XGBoost-SHAP Machine-Learning Model for Shear Strength Prediction of Squat RC Walls.” Journal of Structural Engineering 147 (11): 04021173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng, L., T. Che, M. Ma, J. Tan, and H. Wang. 2021. “Corn Biomass Estimation by Integrating Remote Sensing and Long-Term Observation Data Based on Machine Learning Techniques.” Remote Sensing 13 (12): 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gocic, M., and S. Trajkovic. 2013. “Analysis of Changes in Meteorological Variables Using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s Slope Estimator Statistical Tests in Serbia.” Global and Planetary Change 100:172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, B., and Y. Wen. 2020. “An Optimal Monitoring Model of Desertification in Naiman Banner Based on Feature Space Utilizing Landsat8 Oli Image.” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access 8:4761–4768. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2962909.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, B., F. Yang, Y. Fan, and W. Zang. 2023. “The Dominant Driving Factors of Rocky Desertification and Their Variations in Typical Mountainous Karst Areas of Southwest China in the Context of Global Change.” CATENA 220:106674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, B., W. Zang, B. Han, F. Yang, W. Luo, T. He, Y. Fan, X. Yang, and S. Chen. 2020. “Dynamic Monitoring of Desertification in Naiman Banner Based on Feature Space Models with Typical Surface Parameters Derived from LANDSAT Images.” Land Degradation & Development N/a 31 (12): 1573–1592. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, X., G. Jia, G. Yang, N. Wang, F. Liu, H. Chen, X. Guo, W. Yang, and J. Liu. 2020. “Spatiotemporal Dynamic Evolution and Driving Factors of Desertification in the Mu Us Sandy Land in 30 Years.” Scientific Reports 10 (1): 21734. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78665-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, T., F. Gao, S. Liang, and Y. Peng. 2019. “Mapping Climatological Bare Soil Albedos Over the Contiguous United States Using MODIS Data.” Remote Sensing 11 (6): 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, P., Z. Han, M. He, X. Meng, X. Ma, H. Liu, T. Dong, M. Shi, and Z. Sun. 2023. “Atmospheric Dryness Thresholds of Grassland Productivity Decline in China.” Journal of Environmental Management 338:117780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein, L., and N. De Ridder. 2006. “Desertification in the Sahel: A Reinterpretation.” Global Change Biology 12 (5): 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01135.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich, V. H. A., C. Vancutsem, R. Dalagnol, T. M. Rosan, D. Fawcett, C. H. L. Silva-Junior, H. L. G. Cassol, et al. 2023. “The Carbon Sink of Secondary and Degraded Humid Tropical Forests.” Nature 615 (7952): 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05679-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, C., M. Ji, T. Li, X. Liu, D. Tang, S. Zhang, Y. Luo, M. L. Grieneisen, Z. Zhou, and Y. Zhan. 2022. “Deriving Full-Coverage and Fine-Scale XCO2 Across China Based on OCO-2 Satellite Retrievals and CarbonTracker Output.” Geophysical Research Letters 49 (12): e2022GL098435. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Z., X. Shang, and T. Zhang. 2021. “Spatiotemporal Evaluation and Driving Mechanism of Land Ecological Security in Yan’an, a Typical Hill-Gully Region of China’s Loess Plateau, from 2000 to 2018.” Forests 12 (12): 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseiny, B., A. M. Abdi, and S. Jamali. 2022. “Urban Land Use and Land Cover Classification with Interpretable Machine Learning – A Case Study Using Sentinel-2 and Auxiliary Data.” Remote Sensing Applications: Society & Environment 28:100843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100843.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, H., Y. Chen, N. Clinton, J. Wang, X. Wang, C. Liu, P. Gong, et al. 2017. “Mapping Major Land Cover Dynamics in Beijing Using All Landsat Images in Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Big Remotely Sensed Data: Tools, Applications and Experiences 202:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., W. Duan, and Y. Chen. 2022. “Unravelling Lake Water Storage Change in Central Asia: Rapid Decrease in Tail-End Lakes and Increasing Risks to Water Supply.” Journal of Hydrology 614:128546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., W. Duan, D. Nover, N. Sahu, and Y. Chen. 2021. “An Integrated Assessment of Surface Water Dynamics in the Irtysh River Basin During 1990–2019 and Exploratory Factor Analyses.” Journal of Hydrology 593:125905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., G. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Guan, Y. Wei, and R. Guo. 2020. “Global Desertification Vulnerability to Climate Change and Human Activities.” Land Degradation & Development 31 (11): 1380–1391. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., Y. Han, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Land Desertification and Its Influencing Factors in Kazakhstan.” Journal of Arid Environments 180:104203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, L., G. Jiapaer, A. Bao, A. Kurban, H. Guo, G. Zheng, and P. De Maeyer. 2019. “Monitoring the Long-Term Desertification Process and Assessing the Relative Roles of Its Drivers in Central Asia.” Ecological Indicators 104:195–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke, G., Q. Meng, T. Finley, T. Wang, W. Chen, W. Ma, Q. Ye, and T.-Y. Liu. 2017. “LightGBM: A Highly Efficient Gradient Boosting Decision Tree.” In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, edited by von Luxburg Ulrike and Guyon Isabelle, 3149–3157. Long Beach, California, USA: Curran Associates, Inc. https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.5555/3294996.
   Google Scholar
• Kundu, A., N. R. Patel, S. K. Saha, and D. Dutta. 2015. “Monitoring the Extent of Desertification Processes in Western Rajasthan (India) Using Geo-Information Science.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8 (8): 5727–5737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1645-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamaamri, M., N. Lghabi, A. Ghazi, N. El Harchaoui, M. S. G. Adnan, and M. Shakiul Islam. 2023. “Evaluation of Desertification in the Middle Moulouya Basin (North-East Morocco) Using Sentinel-2 Images and Spectral Index Techniques.” Earth Systems and Environment 7 (2): 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-022-00327-9.
   Google Scholar
• Lamqadem, A. A., B. Pradhan, H. Saber, and A. Rahimi. 2018. “Desertification Sensitivity Analysis Using MEDALUS Model and GIS: A Case Study of the Oases of Middle Draa Valley, Morocco.” Sensors 18 (7): 2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamqadem, A. A., H. Saber, and B. Pradhan. 2018. “Quantitative Assessment of Desertification in an Arid Oasis Using Remote Sensing Data and Spectral Index Techniques.” Remote Sensing 10 (12): 1862. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian, X., S. Piao, A. Chen, C. Huntingford, B. Fu, L. Z. X. Li, J. Huang, et al. 2021. “Multifaceted Characteristics of Dryland Aridity Changes in a Warming World.” Nature Reviews Earth and Environment 2 (4): 232–250. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00144-0.
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., J. Guan, and J. Zheng. 2022. “Climate Drivers Contribute in Vegetation Greening Stalls of Arid Xinjiang, China: An Atmospheric Water Drying Effect.” Water 14 (13): 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., J. Si, Y. Deng, B. Jia, X. Li, X. He, D. Zhou, et al. 2023. “Assessment of Land Desertification and its Drivers in Semi-Arid Alpine Mountains: A Case Study of the Qilian Mountains Region, Northwest China.” Remote Sensing 15 (15): 3836. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Q. Zhang, Y. Yan, X. Zhang, J. Niu, and J.-C. Svenning. 2020. “Ecological Restoration is the Dominant Driver of the Recent Reversal of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert (China).” Journal of Cleaner Production 268:122241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, S., and S.-I. Lee. 2017. “A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions.” https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1705.07874.
   Google Scholar
• Mangalathu, S., S.-H. Hwang, and J.-S. Jeon. 2020. “Failure Mode and Effects Analysis of RC Members Based on Machine-Learning-Based SHapley Additive explanations (SHAP) Approach.” Engineering Structures 219:110927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, M., G. Zhao, B. He, Q. Li, H. Dong, S. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2021. “XGBoost-Based Method for Flash Flood Risk Assessment.” Journal of Hydrology 598:126382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X., J. Zhu, W. Yan, and C. Zhao. 2021. “Projections of Desertification Trends in Central Asia Under Global Warming Scenarios.” Science of the Total Environment 781:146777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X., X. Gao, S. Li, and J. Lei. 2020. “Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Vegetation NDVI Changes and the Driving Forces in Mongolia During 1982–2015.” Remote Sensing 12 (4): 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X., X. Gao, S. Li, S. Li, and J. Lei. 2021. “Monitoring Desertification in Mongolia Based on Landsat Images and Google Earth Engine from 1990 to 2020.” Ecological Indicators 129:107908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasa, J. 2013. NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 1 Arc Second. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/SRTM/SRTMGL1.003.
   Google Scholar
• Nazar, S., J. Yang, X.-E. Wang, K. Khan, M. N. Amin, M. F. Javed, F. Althoey, and M. Ali. 2023. “Estimation of Strength, Rheological Parameters, and Impact of Raw Constituents of Alkali-Activated Mortar Using Machine Learning and SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP).” Construction and Building Materials 377:131014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H., S. Jeong, and J. Peñuelas. 2020. “Accelerated Rate of Vegetation Green-Up Related to Warming at Northern High Latitudes.” Global Change Biology 26 (11): 6190–6202. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piao, S., X. Wang, T. Park, C. Chen, X. Lian, Y. He, J. W. Bjerke, et al. 2020. “Characteristics, Drivers and Feedbacks of Global Greening.” Nature Reviews Earth and Environment 1 (1): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0001-x.
   Google Scholar
• Pi, H., B. Sharratt, W. F. Schillinger, A. I. Bary, and C. G. Cogger. 2018. “Wind Erosion Potential of a Winter Wheat–Summer Fallow Rotation After Land Application of Biosolids.” Aeolian Research 32:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart, D. E., G. E. Hinton, and R. J. Williams. 1986. “Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors.” Nature 323 (6088): 533–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, P. K. 1968. “Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall’s Tau.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 63 (324): 1379–1389. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepehr, A., A. M. Hassanli, M. R. Ekhtesasi, and J. B. Jamali. 2007. “Quantitative Assessment of Desertification in South of Iran Using MEDALUS Method.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 134 (1–3): 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9613-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, R. M., C. A. G. Santos, M. Moreira, J. Corte-Real, V. C. L. Silva, and I. C. Medeiros. 2015. “Rainfall and River Flow Trends Using Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope Estimator Statistical Tests in the Cobres River Basin.” Natural Hazards 77 (2): 1205–1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1644-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symeonakis, E., and N. Drake. 2004. “Monitoring Desertification and Land Degradation Over Sub-Saharan Africa.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 25 (3): 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000095998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, X., Q. Liu, Z. Song, B. Dou, and X. Li. 2018. “Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval from Landsat 8 OLI Images Over Urban Areas Supported by MODIS BRDF/Albedo Data.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 15 (7): 976–980. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2018.2827200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari, A. D., Y. Pokhrel, D. Kramer, T. Akhter, Q. Tang, J. Liu, J. Qi, H. H. Loc, and V. Lakshmi. 2023. “A Synthesis of Hydroclimatic, Ecological, and Socioeconomic Data for Transdisciplinary Research in the Mekong.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02193-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah, S., Q. You, D. A. Sachindra, M. Nowosad, W. Ullah, A. S. Bhatti, Z. Jin, and A. Ali. 2022. “Spatiotemporal Changes in Global Aridity in Terms of Multiple Aridity Indices: An Assessment Based on the CRU Data.” Atmospheric Research 268:105998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Koppel, J., M. Rietkerk, F. van Langevelde, L. Kumar, C. A. Klausmeier, J. M. Fryxell, J. W. Hearne, et al. 2002. “Spatial Heterogeneity and Irreversible Vegetation Change in Semiarid Grazing Systems.” The American Naturalist 159 (2): 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1086/324791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., I. R. van der Velde, M. C. Krol, L. V. Gatti, L. G. Domingues, C. S. C. Correia, J. B. Miller, et al. 2015. “Response of the Amazon Carbon Balance to the 2010 Drought Derived with CarbonTracker South America.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29 (7): 1092–1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB005082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., W. Zhao, C. Li, and P. Pereira. 2021. “Vegetation Greening Partly Offsets the Water Erosion Risk in China from 1999 to 2018.” Geoderma 401:115319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, X., S. Wang, Y. Wang, and R. Li. 2018. “Spatial and Temporal Change of Fractional Vegetation Cover in North-Western China from 2000 to 2010.” Geological Journal 53 (S2): 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3030.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, Y., B. Guo, W. Zang, D. Ge, W. Luo, and H. Zhao. 2020. “Desertification Detection Model in Naiman Banner Based on the Albedo-Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index Feature Space Using the Landsat8 OLI Images.” Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 11 (1): 544–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2020.1734100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C., S. R. Coffield, M. L. Goulden, J. T. Randerson, A. T. Trugman, and W. R. L. Anderegg. 2023. “Uncertainty in US Forest Carbon Storage Potential Due to Climate Risks.” Nature Geoscience 16 (5): 422–429. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01166-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., S. Lei, Z. Bian, J. Huang, and Y. Zhang. 2019. “Study of the Desertification Index Based on the Albedo-MSAVI Feature Space for Semi-Arid Steppe Region.” Environmental Earth Sciences 78 (6): 232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8111-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J., Z. Lu, S. Xiao, and C. Yan. 2023. “The Latest Desertification Process and its Driving Force in Alxa League from 2000 to 2020.” Remote Sensing 15 (19): 4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, J., D. Gui, J. Lei, H. Sun, F. Zeng, D. Mao, Q. Jin, and Y. Liu. 2019. “Oasification: An Unable Evasive Process in Fighting Against Desertification for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semiarid Regions of China.” Catena 179:197–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.03.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., X. Gao, J. Lei, X. Meng, and N. Zhou. 2022. “Analysis of Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Factors of Desertification in the Africa Sahel.” Catena 213:106213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, Y., L. Geng, and M. Li. 2023. “The Impact of Climate Change on Aeolian Desertification: A Case of the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China.” Science of the Total Environment 859:160126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarei, A. R., and M. R. Mahmoudi. 2021. “Assessing the Influence of PET Calculation Method on the Characteristics of UNEP Aridity Index Under Different Climatic Conditions Throughout Iran.” Geofisica Pura e Applicata 178 (8): 3179–3205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02786-z.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., X. Ma, J. Zhang, D. Sun, X. Zhou, C. Mi, and H. Wen. 2023. “Insights into Geospatial Heterogeneity of Landslide Susceptibility Based on the SHAP-XGBoost Model.” Journal of Environmental Management 332:117357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhen, Z., S. Chen, T. Yin, and J.-P. Gastellu-Etchegorry. 2023. “Improving Crop Mapping by Using Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) Signatures with Google Earth Engine.” Remote Sensing 15 (11): 2761. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., Y. Xu, Y. Gao, and Z. Xie. 2019. “Land Use Model Research in Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China: A Case Study of Horqin Left Back Banner.” Journal of Environmental Management 237:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolotokrylin, A. N., P. D. Gunin, T. B. Titkova, S. N. Bazha, E. V. Danzhalova, and T. I. Kazantseva. 2016. “Diagnosis of the Desertification Dynamics of Arid Pastures in Mongolia from Observation in Key Areas and MODIS Data.” Arid Ecosystems 6 (3): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096116030100.
   Google Scholar