216
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

The malleability of stigmatizing attitudes: Combining imagined social contact with implicit attitude feedback

, , &

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In: A handbook of social psychology (798–844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley.
  • Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 163–179. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x
  • Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (1996). The effect of personal experience with mental illness on the attitude towards individuals suffering from mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 31, 321–326. doi:10.1007/bf00783420
  • Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. E. (2004). Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5–22. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.5
  • Bargh, J. A. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 361–382). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Power, P., Hayden, E., Milne, R., & Stewart, I. (2006). Do you really know what you believe? Developing the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a direct measure of implicit beliefs. Irish Psychologist, 32, 169–177.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., & Boles, S. (2010). A sketch of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the relational elaboration and coherence (REC) model. Psychological Record, 60, 527–542.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Hayden, E., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2008). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a response-time and event-related-potentials methodology for testing natural verbal relations: A preliminary study. Psychological Record, 58, 497–516.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Murphy, A., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2010). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP): Exploring the impact of private versus public contexts and the response latency criterion on pro-White and anti-Black stereotyping among white Irish individuals. Psychological Record, 60, 57–80.
  • Barnes-Holmes, D., Waldron, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2009). Testing the validity of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Measuring attitudes towards Dublin and country life in Ireland. Psychological Record, 59, 389–406. Retrieved from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol59/iss3/5
  • Brown, S. A. (2012). The contribution of previous contact and personality traits to severe mental illness stigma. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 15, 274–289.
  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  • Corrigan, P. W. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology-Science & Practice, 7, 48–67. doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.1.48
  • Corrigan, P. W. (2002). Testing social cognitive models of mental illness stigma: The prairie state stigma studies. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 232–254. doi:10.1080/10973430208408434
  • Corrigan, P. W., Larson, J. E., & Rüsch, N. (2009). Self-stigma and the “why try” effect: Impact on life goals and evidence-based practices. World Psychiatry, 8, 75–81. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00218.x
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Rüsch, N. (2002). Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: Do people avoid treatment because of stigma? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 312–334. doi:10.1080/10973430208408441
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Shapiro, J. R. (2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 907–922. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004
  • Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology-Science & Practice, 9, 35–53. doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35
  • Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.1.4
  • Crisp, R. J., & Birtel, M. D. (2014). Reducing prejudice through mental imagery: Notes on replication, interpretation and generalization. Psychological Science, 25, 840–841. doi:10.1177/0956797613520169
  • Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychological Association, 64, 231–240. doi:10.1037/a0014718
  • Cullen, C., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2009). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the malleability of ageist attitudes. Psychological Record, 59, 591–620. Retrieved from http://www.siuc.edu/~ThePsychologicalRecord/index.html
  • Davies, J. B. (1997). The myth of addiction. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Psychology Press.
  • De Houwer, J. (2002). The Implicit Association Test as a tool for measuring dysfunctional associations in psychopathology: Strengths and limitations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33, 115–133. doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(02)00024-1
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
  • Devine, P. G., Monteith, M., Zuwerink, J. R., & Eliot, A. J. (1991). Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817–830. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.817
  • Dickerson, F. B., Sommerville, J. L., & Origoni, A. E. (2002). Mental illness stigma: An impediment to psychiatric rehabilitation. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 186–200. doi:10.1080/10973430208408432
  • Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T. (1999). The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S. Chaiken & Y. Troope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 97–116). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2004). Liking is for doing: The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 557–572. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.557
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Gawronski, B., & LeBel, E. P. (2008). Understanding patterns of attitude change: When implicit measures show change, but explicit measures do not. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 1355–1361. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.005
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
  • Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.3
  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
  • Hahn, A., Judd, C. M., Hirsh, H. K., & Blair, I. V. (2013). Awareness of implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1369–1392. doi:10.1037/a0035028
  • Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Hughes, S., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2011). On the formation and persistence of implicit attitudes: New evidence from the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Psychological Record, 61, 391–410. Retrieved from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol61/iss3/10
  • Hughes, S., Barnes-Holmes, D., & De Houwer, J. (2011). The dominance of associative theorizing in implicit attitude research: Propositional and behavioral alternatives. Psychological Record, 61, 465–496. Retrieved from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol61/iss3/6
  • Hughes, S., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Vahey, N. (2012). Holding on to our functional roots when exploring new intellectual islands: A voyage through implicit cognition research. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 17–38.
  • Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2002). On describing and seeking to change the experience of stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6, 201–231. doi:10.1080/10973430208408433
  • Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 511–541. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098
  • Lynott, D., Kansal, H., Connell, L., & O’Brien, K. (2012). Modelling the IAT: Implicit Association Test reflects shallow linguistic environment and not deep personal attitudes. In N. Miyake, D. Peebles, & R. P. Cooper (Eds.), Proceedings of the 34th annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 1948–1953). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  • McKenna, I. M., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2007). Testing the fake-ability of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP): The first study. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 7, 123–138.
  • Menatti, A., Smyth, F., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2012). Reducing stigma toward individuals with mental illnesses: A brief, online intervention. Stigma Research and Action, 1, 9–21. Retrieved from http://projectimplicit.net/nosek/papers/MSTN2012.pdf
  • Miles, E., & Crisp, R. J. (2014). A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 3–26. doi:10.1177/1368430213510573
  • Monteith, M. J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Czopp, A. M. (2002). Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1029–1050. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1029
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231
  • Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public’s view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1339–1345. doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 90, 751–758. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811–832. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811
  • Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (2009). The active control of prejudice: Unpacking the intentions guiding control efforts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 640–652. doi:10.1037/a001296010
  • Power, P., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2009). The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit relative preferences: A first study. Psychological Record, 59, 621–640.
  • Reinke, R. R., Corrigan, P. W., Leonhard, C., Lundin, R. K., & Kubiak, M. A. (2004). Examining two aspects of contact on the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 377–389. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.3.377.35457
  • Rose, D., Thornicroft, G., Pinfold, V., & Kassam, A. (2007). 250 labels used to stigmatise people with mental illness. BMC Health Services Research, 7, 97.
  • Rüsch, L. C., Kanter, J. W., Angelone, A. F., & Ridley, R. C. (2008). The impact in our own voice one stigma. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11, 373–389. doi:10.1080/15487760802397660
  • Rüsch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). Do people with mental illness deserve what they get? Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260, 617–625. doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0111-4
  • Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 995–1008. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.995
  • Sacca, R., & Ryan, C. (2011). Relationships between interpersonal contact as a volunteer companion and stigma. Australasian Psychiatry, 19, 439–443. doi:10.3109/10398562.2011.603325
  • Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54, 93–105. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.2.93
  • Smith, E. R., & De Coster, J. (1999). Associative and rule-based processing: A connectionist interpretation of dual process models. In S. Chaiken & Y. Ropes (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 323–336). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Smith, J. D., Boomer, J., Zakrzewski, A. C., Roeder, J. L., Church, B. A., & Ashby, F. G. (2014). Deferred feedback sharply dissociates implicit and explicit category learning. Psychological Science, 25, 447–457. doi:10.1177/0956797613509112
  • Stathi, S., Tsantila, K., & Crisp, R. J. (2012). Imagining intergroup contact can combat mental health stigma by reducing anxiety, avoidance and negative stereotyping. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 746–757. doi:10.1080/00224545.2012.697080
  • Taylor, S. M., & Dear, M. J. (1981). Scaling community attitudes towards the mentally ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7, 225–240. doi:10.1093/schbul/7.2.225
  • Teachman, B. A., Wilson, J. G., & Komarovskaya, I. (2006). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and health samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 75–95. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.75
  • Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 129–142. doi:10.1348/01446609x419901
  • Vahey, N. A., Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., & Stewart, I. (2009). A first test of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of self-esteem: Irish prison groups and university students. Psychological Record, 59, 371–388. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol59/iss3/4
  • Wegner, D. M. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books.
  • West, K., Holmes, E., & Hewstone, M. (2011). Enhancing imagined contact to reduce prejudice against people with schizophrenia. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14, 407–428. doi:10.1177/1368430210387805
  • Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101–126. doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.