Attitudes towards mental health problems scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and validation in the Portuguese population

References

• Allan, S., Gilbert, P., & Goss, K. (1994). An exploration of shame measures: 20 psycho-pathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 719–722. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90150-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(3), 163–179. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2003). The stigma of mental illness: Effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(4), 304–309. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00150.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2005). Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia trend analysis based on data from two population surveys in Germany. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(4), 331–334. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.4.331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control, & Prevention. (2012). Attitudes toward mental illness: Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Atlanta, GA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, D. (1996). Empirical studies of shame and guilt: The internalised shame scale. In D. L. Nathanson (Ed.), Knowing feeling: Affect, script and psychotherapy (pp. 132–165). New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59, 614–625. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. U., Green, A., Lundin, R., Kubiak, M. A., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(7), 953–958. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., & Watson, A. (2004). Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30, 481–492. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., & Shapiro, J. R. (2010). Measuring the impact of programs that challenge the public stigma of mental illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 907–922. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessoki, H. H., & Hifnawy, T. M. (2009). Beliefs about mental illness among university students in Egypt. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 1–19. doi:10.5964/ejop.v5i1.284
   Google Scholar
• Dinos, S., Stevens, S., Serfaty, M., Weich, S., & King, M. (2004). Stigma: The feelings and experiences of 46 people with mental illness. Qualitative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 176–181. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty, J. P. (1997). Barriers to the diagnosis of depression in primary care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa, A. F. (1998). Psiquiatria [Psychiatry]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghai, S., Sharma, N., Sharma, S., & Kaur, H. (2013). Shame & stigma of mental illness. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 16(2), 293–301.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 113–147. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01893.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2002). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualisation and overview, with treatment implications. In P. Gilbert & J. N. V. Miles (Eds.), Body shame: Conceptualisation, assessment and intervention (pp. 3–54). London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., Bhundia, R., Mitra, R., McEwan, K., Irons, C., & Sanghera, J. (2007). Cultural differences in shame-focused attitudes towards mental health problems in Asian and non-Asian student women. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10, 127–141. doi:10.1080/13694670500415124
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., & Sanghera, J. (2004). A focus group exploration of the impact of izzat, shame, subordination and entrapment on mental health service use in South Asian women living in Derby. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 7, 109–130. doi:10.1080/13674670310001602418
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1968). Stigma: Notes on the management of a spoiled identity. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measure: The other as Shamer scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 713–717. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90149-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Have, M., Graaf, R., Ormel, J., Vilagut, G., Kovess, V., & Alonso, J. (2010). Are attitudes towards mental health help-seeking associated with service use? Results from the European study of epidemiology of mental disorders. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 45, 153–163. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0050-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, A. D., & Lucca, A. M. (2004). Facilitators and barriers to employment: The perspectives of people with psychiatric disabilities and employment service providers. Work, 22(3), 169–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). The dimensions of stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: W H. Freeman Company.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kondrat, D. C., & Early, T. J. (2011). Battling in the trenches: Case managers’ ability to combat the effects of mental illness stigma on consumers’ perceived quality of life. Community Mental Health Journal, 47, 390–398. doi:10.1007/s10597-010-9330-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leff, J., & Warner, R. (2008). Inclusão social de pessoas com doenças mentais. [Social inclusion of people with mental illness]. Coimbra, Portugal: Almedina.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, H. B. (1987). The role of shame in symptom formation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. (1992). Shame: The exposed self. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. (1995). Self-conscious emotions. American Scientist, 83, 68–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. (1998). Shame and stigma. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology and culture (pp. 126–140). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Charles, D. F. (Eds.). (2015) Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Retrieved from http://www.ethnologue.com
   Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, J. (2000). Linguagem e Linguística - Uma Introdução [Language and linguistics: An introduction]. Coimbra, Portugal: Almedina.
   Google Scholar
• Manderscheid, R. W., Ryff, C. D., Freeman, E. J., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Dhingra, S., & Strine, T. W. (2010). Evolving definitions of mental Illness and wellness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7(1), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Maroco, J. (2010). Analise de Equações Estruturais. Fundamentos teóricos [Analysis of Structural Equation. Theoretical foundations, Software & Applications], Software & Aplicações. Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal: ReportNumber Lda.
   Google Scholar
• Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, C. (2011). Other as Shamer. Versão portuguesa e propriedades psicométricas de uma medida de vergonha externa [Other as Shamer. Portuguese version and psychometric properties of a measure of external shame]. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 68–74. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldovan, V. (2007). Attitudes of mental health workers toward community integration of the persons with serious and persistent mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 10, 19–30. doi:10.1080/15487760601166332
   Google Scholar
• Moses, T. (2014). Determinants of mental illness stigma for adolescents discharged from psychiatric hospitalization. Social Science & Medicine, 109, 26–34. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Neves, M. H. de M. (2010). Gramática de Usos do Português [Grammatic use of Portuguese] (2nd ed.). São Paulo, Brazil: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP).
   Google Scholar
• Neves, M. H. de M. (2012). Guia de uso do português: confrontando regras e usos [Portguese User’s Guide: confronting rules and use] (2nd ed.). São Paulo, Brazil: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP).
   Google Scholar
• Penn, D. L., Guynan, K., Daily, T., Spaulding, W. D., Garbin, C. P., & Sullivan, M. (1994). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: What sort of information is best? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(3), 567–578. doi:10.1093/schbul/20.3.567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlick, D. A. (2001). Special factor on stigma as a barrier to recovery: Introduction. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1613–1614. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.12.1613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario, P. M., & White, R. M. (2006). The Internalized Shame Scale: Temporal stability, internal consistency, and principal components analysis. Personality an Individual Differences, 41, 95–103. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, A., Walter, G., Casey, D., & Hocking, B. (2000). Combating psychiatric stigma: An overview of contemporary initiatives. Australasian Psychiatry, 8(1), 19–26. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1665.2000.00239.x
   Google Scholar
• Rusch, N., Corrigan, P. W., Wassel, A., Michaels, P., Larson, J. E., Olschewski, M., … Batia, K. (2009). Self-stigma, group identification, perceived legitimacy of discrimination and mental health service use. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 551–552. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusch, N., Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Olschewski, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2010). Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination: A longitudinal study among people with mental illness. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 60–63. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, D. A., Schmidt, T. A., & Marsh, H. W. (2014). Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: A comparison of estimators. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21, 167–180. doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.882658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus, G., Schwahn, C., Holzinger, A., Corrigan, P. W., Grabe, H. J., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2012). Evolution of public attitudes about mental illness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(6), 440–452. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01826.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, L. A., Dofny, E. M., & Dutka, S. (1994). Effects of strategy and attribution training on strategy maintenance and transfer. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98, 445–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ünal, S., Hisar, F., Çelik, B., & Özgüven, Z. (2010). Beliefs of university students on mental illness. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 23(3), 145–150. doi:10.5964/ejop.v5i1.284
   Google Scholar
• Vezzoli, R., Archiati, L., Buizza, C., Pasqualetti, P., Rossi, G., & Pioli, R. (2001). Attitude towards psychiatric patients: A pilot study in a northern Italian town. European Psychiatry, 16(8), 451–458. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(01)00606-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl, O. F. (2003). News media portrayal of mental illness. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 1594–1600. doi:10.1177/0002764203254615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, R., & Campbell, R. D. (2014). Stigma, agency and recovery amongst people with severe mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 107, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap, M. B. H., Wright, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). The influence of stigma on young people’s help-seeking intentions and beliefs about the helpfulness of various sources of help. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1257–1265. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0300-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar