Specifying Non-White Light Sources in Outdoor Applications to Reduce Light Pollution

References

• Alcott B. 2005. Jevons’ paradox. Ecol Econ. 54(1):9–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymized personal communication. 2022. During this work we interviewed six lighting professionals working for different LED chip manufacturers, five professional lighting designers at different firms, four professional lighting researchers at different institutions, and seven professionals that either hold other positions in the lighting industry or straddle industries. Two individuals in the latter category are prominent professional astronomers; one is a chronobiologist; one works at the international dark sky association (IDA); one works for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission (FWC). Some of our insights were drawn from these conversations and some data was offered under agreement of confidentiality. As a result, we have chosen here to retain the anonymity of all those we interviewed.
   Google Scholar
• Aubé M, Roby J, Kocifaj M. 2013. Evaluating potential spectral impacts of various artificial lights on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility. PloS one. 8(7):e67798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubé M, Simoneau A, Wainscoat R, Nelson L. 2018. Modelling the effects of phosphor converted LED lighting to the night sky of the Haleakala observatory, Hawaii. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 478(2):1776–1783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aulsebrook AE, Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Jones TM, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. 2020a. White and amber light at night disrupt sleep physiology in birds. Curr Biol. 30(18):3657–3663.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aulsebrook AE, Lesku JA, Mulder RA, Goymann W, Vyssotski AL, Jones TM. 2020b. Streetlights disrupt night-time sleep in urban black swans. Front Ecol Evol. 8:131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailes HJ, Lucas RJ. 2013. Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of Gq/11 and Gi/o signalling cascades. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 280(1759):20122987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bará S, Aubé M, Barentine J, Zamorano J. 2020. Magnitude to luminance conversions and visual brightness of the night sky. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 493(2):2429–2437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennie J, Davies TW, Cruse D, Gaston KJ. 2016. Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants. Swenson N, editor. J Ecol. 104(3):611–620. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman SM. 1992. Energy efficiency consequences of scotopic sensitivity. J Illum Eng Soc. 21(1):3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Birol F, Keppler JH. 2000. Prices, technology development and the rebound effect. Energy Policy. 28(6):457–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Münch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, et al. 2022. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLOS Biol. 20(3):e3001571. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao M, Xu T, Yin D. 2023. Understanding light pollution: recent advances on its health threats and regulations. J Environ Sci. 127:589–602.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 1995. CIE 13.3-1995. Method of measuring and specifying colour rendering properties of light sources. Austria: Commission internationale de l’éclairage, CIE Central Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 1997. CIE 126-1997. Guidelines For Minimizing Sky Glow. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Cinzano P, Falchi F, Elvidge CD. 2001. The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 328(3):689–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• County of Hawaii. 1983. Hawaii county code 1983 (2016 edition, as amended). Chapter 14 general welfare [Internet]. [place unknown]. https://www.hawaiicounty.gov/our-county/legislative/office-of-the-county-clerk/county-code
   Google Scholar
• Davies TW, Bennie J, Gaston KJ. 2012. Street lighting changes the composition of invertebrate communities. Biol Lett. 8(5):764–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deichmann JL, Ampudia Gatty C, Andía Navarro JM, Alonso A, Linares‐Palomino R, Longcore T. 2021. Reducing the blue spectrum of artificial light at night minimises insect attraction in a tropical lowland forest. Insect Conserv Divers. 14(2):247–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DesignLights Consortium. 2022. Non-white light sources for nighttime environments [Internet]. Medford (MA). https://www.designlights.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/DLC_Whitepaper_Non-White-Light-Sources-for-Outdoor-Environments_FINAL_05112022.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Donatello S, Quintero RR, Caldas MG, Wolf O, Van Tichelen P, Van Hoof V, Geerken T 2018. Revision of the EU green public procurement criteria for road lighting. Technical report and criteria proposal (3rd draft) [Internet]. Seville (Spain): Joint Research Centre (JRC) [accessed 2022 Jul 18]. https://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/product-bureau/sites/default/files/contentype/product_group_documents/1581682046/180322_Lighting_TR_3.0.5_draft_SD_clean.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Falchi F, Cinzano P, Duriscoe D, Kyba CCM, Elvidge CD, Baugh K, Portnov BA, Rybnikova NA, Furgoni R. 2016. The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sci Adv. 2(6):e1600377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falchi F, Cinzano P, Elvidge CD, Keith DM, Haim A. 2011. Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility. J Environ Manage. 92(10):2714–2722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Hicks D. 2020. Exposure to artificial light at night and the consequences for flora, fauna, and ecosystems. Front Neurosci [Internet]. 14. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2020.602796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ffrench-Constant RH, Somers-Yeates R, Bennie J, Economou T, Hodgson D, Spalding A, McGregor PK. 2016. Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 283(1833):20160813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). Wildlife lighting certification program. Fla fish wildl conserv comm [ Internet]. [accessed 2022 May 5]. https://myfwc.com/conservation/you-conserve/lighting/criteria/certification/
   Google Scholar
• Galadí-Enríquez D. 2018. Beyond CCT: the spectral index system as a tool for the objective, quantitative characterization of lamps. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf. 206:399–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallaway T, Olsen RN, Mitchell DM. 2010. The economics of global light pollution. Ecol Econ. 69(3):658–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaston KJ, Bennie J, Davies TW, Hopkins J. 2013. The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal: nighttime light pollution. Biol Rev. 88(4):912–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Andalusia. 2019. Spectral index G. [ Internet]. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/portal/documents/20151/575112/indexG_descrip.pdf/a6cd028d-1ad9-e5f9-1b4c-6dc653eef75c?t=1555502966000.
   Google Scholar
• Grubisic M, Haim A, Bhusal P, Dominoni DM, Gabriel KMA, Jechow A, Kupprat F, Lerner A, Marchant P, Riley W, et al. 2019. Light pollution, circadian photoreception, and melatonin in vertebrates. Sustainability. 11(22):6400. doi:10.3390/su11226400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart NS. 2001. The visual ecology of avian photoreceptors. Prog Retin Eye Res. 20(5):675–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley R, Liebel B. 2020. Joining forces to protect the night from light pollution. Int Dark-Sky Assoc [ Internet]. [accessed 2022 May 4]. https://www.darksky.org/joining-forces-to-protect-the-night-from-light-pollution/
   Google Scholar
• IES. 2019. ANSI/IES TM-30-20. Technical memorandum: ies method for evaluating light source color rendition. New York (NY): Illuminating Engineering Society.
   Google Scholar
• IES. 2021a. ANSI/IES LS-1-21. Lighting science: nomenclature and definitions for illuminating engineering. Illum Eng Soc [Internet]. https://www.ies.org/standards/definitions/.
   Google Scholar
• IES. 2021b. ANSI/IES RP-45-21. Recommended practice: horticultural lighting. New York (NY): Illuminating Engineering Society.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC). 2022. Technical specifications catalog V1.5-2022 [ Internet]. [accessed 2022 Jul 18]. https://www.iac.es/system/files/documents/2022-05/CATALOGO%20DE%20ESPECIFICACIONES%20T%C3%89CNICAS%20PARA%20LAS%20INSTALACIONES%20DE%20ALUMBRADO%20EXTERIOR%202022-05-05_V1_5.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). 2015. New IDA LED lighting practical guide. Int Dark-Sky Assoc [Internet]. [accessed 2022 May 5]. https://www.darksky.org/the-promise-and-challenges-of-led-lighting-a-practical-guide/.
   Google Scholar
• International Dark-Sky Association (IDA). 2021. Fixture seal of approval application. Int Dark-Sky Assoc [ Internet]. [accessed 2022 May 5]. https://www.darksky.org/our-work/lighting/lighting-for-industry/fsa/apply-fsa/.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Industry and Traffic Engineering Council Committee. 2005. Vehicle traffic control signal heads: light emitting diode (LED) circular signal supplement. Washington (DC): Institute of Transportation Engineers [accessed June 27, 2005].
   Google Scholar
• Kinzey BR, Perrin TE, Miller NJ, Kocifaj M, Aube M, Lamphar HA. 2017. An investigation of LED street lighting’s impact on sky glow [ Internet]. Richland (WA (United States)): Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL) [accessed 2022 Feb 18]. https://doi.org/10.2172/1418092.
   Google Scholar
• Kühne JL, Van Grunsven RHA, Jechow A, Hölker F. 2021. Impact of different wavelengths of artificial light at night on phototaxis in aquatic insects. Integr Comp Biol. 61(3):1182–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyba CCM, Kuester T, Sánchez de Miguel A, Baugh K, Jechow A, Hölker F, Bennie J, Elvidge CD, Gaston KJ, Guanter L. 2017. Artificially lit surface of earth at night increasing in radiance and extent. Sci Adv. 3(11):e1701528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis SM, Wong CH, Owens ACS, Fallon C, Jepsen S, Thancharoen A, Wu C, De Cock R, Novák M, López-Palafox T, et al. 2020. A global perspective on firefly extinction threats. BioScience. 70(2):157–167. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longcore T, Rodríguez A, Witherington B, Penniman JF, Herf L, Herf M. 2018. Rapid assessment of lamp spectrum to quantify ecological effects of light at night. J Exp Zool Part Ecol Integr Physiol. 329(8–9):511–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luginbuhl CB, Boley PA, Davis DR. 2014. The impact of light source spectral power distribution on sky glow. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf. 139:21–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAdam DL. 1942. Visual sensitivities to color differences in daylight*. JOSA. 32(5):247–274. doi:10.1364/JOSA.32.000247.
   Google Scholar
• MacAdam DL. 1943. Specification of small chromaticity differences*†. JOSA. 33(1):18–26. doi:10.1364/JOSA.33.000018.
   Google Scholar
• MacAdam DL. 1985. Color measurement: theme and variations [Internet]. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany, Heidelberg): Springer. [accessed 2022 May 4]. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-38681-0.
   Google Scholar
• Menzel R, Blakers M. 1976. Colour receptors in the bee eye — morphology and spectral sensitivity. J Comp Physiol. 108(1):11–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller-Mach R, Mueller GO, Krames MR, Shchekin OB, Schmidt PJ, Bechtel H, Chen C-H, Steigelmann O. 2009. All-nitride monochromatic amber-emitting phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes. Phys Status Solidi RRL – Rapid Res Lett. 3(7–8):215–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEMA. 2017. ANSI/NEMA C78.377-2017 American national standard for electric lamps- specifications for the chromaticity of solid-state lighting products. Rosslyn (VA): National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
   Google Scholar
• Newport J, Shorthouse DJ, Manning AD. 2014. The effects of light and noise from urban development on biodiversity: implications for protected areas in Australia. Ecol Manag Restor. 15(3):204–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens ACS, Cochard P, Durrant J, Farnworth B, Perkin EK, Seymoure B. 2020. Light pollution is a driver of insect declines. Biol Conserv. 241:108259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens ACS, Lewis SM. 2021. Narrow-spectrum artificial light silences female fireflies (Coleoptera: lampyridae). Insect Conserv Divers. 14(2):199–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Sky glow comparison tool version 1.0. PNNL-SA-138348 [ Internet]. [accessed 2022 Apr 25]. https://www.energy.gov/eere/ssl/potential-impacts-led-street-lighting-sky-glow.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer M, Gibbons R, Bhagavathula R, Holshouser D, Davidson D. 2017. Roadway lighting’s impact on altering soybean growth: volume 1 [Internet]. Springfield: Illinois Center for Transportation https://apps.ict.illinois.edu/projects/getfile.asp?id=5252.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Chile. 2013. Decree 43 establishes emission standard for the regulation of light pollution [Internet]. [accessed 2022 Aug 8]. https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1050704.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Chile. 2021. Preliminary draft excerpt of emission standard prepared based on the revision of supreme decree no. 43, of 2012, of the ministry of the environment, which establishes emission standard for the regulation of light pollution. [ Internet]. Bibl Congr Nac Chile. [accessed 2022 Aug 8]. https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2021/04/23/42937/01/1931444.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rich C, Longcore T, editors. 2006. Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Washington (DC): Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez de Miguel A, Bennie J, Rosenfeld E, Dzurjak S, Gaston KJ. 2021. First estimation of global trends in nocturnal power emissions reveals acceleration of light pollution. Remote Sens. 13(16):3311.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders D, Frago E, Kehoe R, Patterson C, Gaston KJ. 2021. A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night. Nat Ecol Evol. 5(1):74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart Outdoor Lighting Alliance (SOLA). 2017. Community friendly lighting program. Smart Outdoor Light Alliance [Internet]. [accessed 2022 May 5]. https://volt.org/cfl/.
   Google Scholar
• Society of Automotive Engineers. 2020. SAE J578 APR2020 (R) chromaticity requirements for ground vehicle lamps and lighting equipment. Warrendale (PA): SAE International.
   Google Scholar
• Tsao JY, Waide P. 2013. The world’s appetite for light: empirical data and trends spanning three centuries and six continents. Leukos. 6(4):259–281. doi:10.1582/LEUKOS.2010.06.04001.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng Q, Teo HC, Koh LP. 2021. Artificial light at night advances spring phenology in the United States. Remote Sens. 13(3):399.
   Google Scholar
• Zukauskas A, Vaicekauskas R, Tuzikas A, Petrulis A, Stanikunas R, Svegzda A, Eidikas P, Vitta P. 2014. Firelight LED source: toward a balanced approach to the performance of solid-state lighting for outdoor environments. IEEE Photonics J. 6(3):1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar