Omega-3 fatty acids enhance the beneficial effect of BCAA supplementation on muscle function following eccentric contractions

References

• Clarkson PM, Sayers SP. Etiology of exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Appl Physiol = Revue Canadienne de Physiologie Appliquee. 1999;24:234–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Nakai N, et al. Exercise promotes bcaa catabolism: effects of bcaa supplementation on skeletal muscle during exercise. J Nutr. 2004;134:1583s–1587s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platell C, Kong SE, McCauley R, et al. Branched-chain amino acids. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:706–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Kimball SR, et al. Orally administered leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of postabsorptive rats in association with increased eif4f formation. J Nutr. 2000;130:139–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K, Koba T, Hamada K, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation attenuates muscle soreness, muscle damage and inflammation during an intensive training program. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009;49:424–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ra SG, Miyazaki T, Kojima R, et al. Effect of bcaa supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage: a pilot placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58:1582–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouré A, Nosaka K, Gastaldi M, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation on both plasma amino acids concentration and muscle energetics changes resulting from muscle damage: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2016;35:83–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, et al. Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery following acute eccentric exercise. Nutrients. 2018;10:1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clinical J Sport Med. 2009;19:115–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Nakazato K, et al. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1179–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochi E, Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation on motor nerve function after eccentric contractions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya Y, Yanagimoto K, Ueda H, et al. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil attenuates muscle stiffness after eccentric contractions of human elbow flexors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16:19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling PR, Boyce P, Bistrian BR. Role of arachidonic acid in the regulation of the inflammatory response in tnf-alpha-treated rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1998;22:268–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn-Lewis C, Kraemer WJ, Kupchak BR, et al. A multi-nutrient supplement reduced markers of inflammation and improved physical performance in active individuals of middle to older age: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr J. 2011;10:90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leahy DT, Pintauro SJ. Branched-chain amino acid plus glucose supplement reduces exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness in college-age females. ISRN Nutr. 2013;2013:921972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ra SG, Miyazaki T, Ishikura K, et al. Combined effect of branched-chain amino acids and taurine supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in high-intensity eccentric exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10:51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirato M, Tsuchiya Y, Sato T, et al. Effects of combined β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (hmb) and whey protein ingestion on symptoms of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, et al. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition. 2017;42:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, et al. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120:1965–1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TC, Chen HL, Lin MJ, et al. Potent protective effect conferred by four bouts of low-intensity eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1004–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki K, Sasaki T, Ishii N. Acceleration and force reveal different mechanisms of electromechanical delay. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1200–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochi E, Tsuchiya Y, Nosaka K. Differences in post-exercise t2 relaxation time changes between eccentric and concentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:2145–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howatson G, Hoad M, Goodall S, et al. Exercise-induced muscle damage is reduced in resistance-trained males by branched chain amino acids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman SR, Witard OC, Jeukendrup AE, et al. Branched-chain amino acid ingestion can ameliorate soreness from eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:962–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren GL, Lowe DA, Hayes DA, et al. Excitation failure in eccentric contraction-induced injury of mouse soleus muscle. J Physiol. 1993;468:487–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm C. Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: fact or fiction? Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;171:233–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proske U, Morgan DL. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol. 2001;537:333–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chleboun GS, Howell JN, Conatser RR, et al. Relationship between muscle swelling and stiffness after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:529–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicastro H, da Luz CR, Chaves DF, et al. Does branched-chain amino acids supplementation modulate skeletal muscle remodeling through inflammation modulation? Possible mechanisms of action. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:136937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tartibian B, Maleki BH, Abbasi A. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation attenuates inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise in untrained men. Clinical J Sport Med. 2011;21:131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp CP, Pearson DR. Amino acid supplements and recovery from high-intensity resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1125–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Yanagimoto K, et al. 4-week eicosapentaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation partially protects muscular damage following eccentric contractions. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18:18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray P, Chappell A, Jenkinson AM, et al. Fish oil supplementation reduces markers of oxidative stress but not muscle soreness after eccentric exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014;24:206–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosaka K, Sacco P, Mawatari K. Effects of amino acid supplementation on muscle soreness and damage. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16:620–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosaka K, Clarkson PM. Changes in indicators of inflammation after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28:953–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar