Association Between Methamphetamine Versus Amphetamine and Acute Psychiatric Symptoms

REFERENCES

• Balster , R. L. and Schuster , C. R. 1973 . A comparison of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys . Pharmacogy Biochemistry and Behaviour , 1 ( 1 ) : 67 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baselt , R. 2011 . Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man , Foster City , CA : Biomedical Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D. S. 1973 . The experimental reproduction of amphetamine psychosis . Archives of General Psychiatry , 29 ( 1 ) : 35 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogstrand , S. T. , Middelkoop , G. and Christophersen , A. S. 2011 . Trends in amphetamine and benzodiazepine use among drivers arrested for drug impaired driving in Norway 2000–2009 . Norsk Epidemiologi , 21 ( 1 ) : 61 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramness , J. G. , Skurtveit , S. and Morland , J. 2002 . Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines—relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 68 ( 2 ) : 131 – 141 . doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00188-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caton , C. L. , Drake , R. E. , Hasin , D. S. , Dominguez , B. , Shrout , P. E. , Samet , S. and Schanzer , B. 2005 . Differences between early-phase primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use and substance-induced psychoses . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 137 – 145 . doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.2.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caton , C. L. , Hasin , D. S. , Shrout , P. E. , Drake , R. E. , Dominguez , B. , First , M. B. and Schanzer , B. 2007 . Stability of early-phase primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use and substance-induced psychosis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 190 : 105 – 111 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. K. , Lin , S. K. , Sham , P. C. , Ball , D. , Loh , E. W. , Hsiao , C. C. and Murray , R. M. 2003 . Pre-morbid characteristics and co-morbidity of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis . Psychological Medicine , 33 : 1407 – 1414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. K. , Lin , S. K. , Sham , P. C. , Ball , D. , Loh , E. W. and Murray , R. M. 2005 . Morbid risk for psychiatric disorder among the relatives of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 136B : 87 – 91 . doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophersen , A. S. and Morland , J. 1997 . Drugged driving, a review based on the experience in Norway . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 47 ( 2 ) : 125 – 135 . doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(97)00081-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre , R. , Farre , M. , Navarro , M. , Pacifici , R. , Zuccaro , P. and Pichini , S. 2004 . Clinical pharmacokinetics of amphethamine and related substances: Monitoring in conventional and non-conventional matrices . Clinical Pharmacokinetics , 43 ( 3 ) : 157 – 185 . doi: 10.2165/ 00003088-200443030-00002
   Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , L. , Roxburgh , A. , Black , E. , Bruno , R. , Campbell , G. , Kinner , S. and Fetherstone , J. 2008 . The epidemiology of methamphetamine use and harm in Australia . Drug and Alcohol Review , 27 ( 3 ) : 243 – 252 . doi: 10.1080/09595230801950572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , L. , Roxburgh , A. and McKetin , R. 2007 . Hospital separations for cannabis- and methamphetamine-related psychotic episodes in Australia . The Medical Journal of Australia , 186 ( 7 ) : 342 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durell , T. M. , Kroutil , L. A. , Crits-Christoph , P. , Barchha , N. and Van Brunt , D. L. 2008 . Prevalence of nonmedical methamphetamine use in the United States . Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy , 3 : 19 doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-3-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction . 2009a . 2009 National report (2008 data) to the EMCDDA. Norway. New developments, trends and in-depth imformation on selected issues , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction . 2009b . Metamphetamine. A European Union perspective in the global context , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction . 2010 . Problem amphetamine and methamphetamine use in Europe , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction . 2011 . Amphetamine. A European Union perspective in the global context , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• Flesland , L. and Carlsen , S. 2010 . Føre var. Rustrender i Bergen , Bergen , Norway : Stiftelsen Bergenklinikkene .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales , R. , Ang , A. , McCann , M. J. and Rawson , R. A. 2008 . An emerging problem: Methamphetamine abuse among treatment seeking youth . Substance Abuse , 29 ( 2 ) : 71 – 80 . doi: 10.1080/08897070802093312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grelotti , D. J. , Kanayama , G. and Pope , H. G. Jr . 2010 . Remission of persistent methamphetamine-induced psychosis after electroconvulsive therapy: Presentation of a case and review of the literature . American Journal of Psychiatry , 167 : 17 – 23 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D. A. , Stanis , J. J. , Marquez , A. H. and Gulley , J. M. 2008 . A comparison of amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in rats: Evidence for qualitative differences in behavior . Psychopharmacology , 195 ( 4 ) : 469 – 478 . doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0923-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , W. , Hando , J. , Darke , S. and Ross , J. 1996 . Psychological morbidity and route of administration among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia . Addiction , 91 : 81 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , D. and Batki , S. L. 2000 . Stimulant psychosis: Symptom profile and acute clinical course . American Journal on Addictions , 9 : 28 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , L. E. and Sjostrom , K. 1970 . A rating scale for evaluation of the clinical course and symptomatology in amphetamine psychosis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 117 ( 541 ) : 661 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz , G. , Durst , R. , Shufman , E. , Bar-Hamburger , R. and Grunhaus , L. 2008 . Substance abuse in hospitalized psychiatric patients . The Israel Medical Association Journal , 10 ( 10 ) : 672 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , M. G. , Gunderson , E. W. , Johanson , C. E. , Levin , F. R. , Foltin , R. W. and Hart , C. L. 2011 . Comparison of intranasal methamphetamine and d-amphetamine self-administration by humans . Addiction , 107 : 783 – 791 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03706.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittirattanapaiboon , P. , Mahatnirunkul , S. , Booncharoen , H. , Thummawomg , P. , Dumrongchai , U. and Chutha , W. 2010 . Long-term outcomes in methamphetamine psychosis patients after first hospitalisation . Drug and Alcohol Review , 29 : 456 – 461 . doi: 1465-3362.2010.00196.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kripos (National Crime Investigation Service) . 2012 . Narkotika- og dopingstatistikk 2011 [Narcotics and doping statistics 2011] , Oslo , , Norway : KRIPOS . Retrieved from https://www.politi.no/vedlegg/lokale_vedlegg/kripos/Vedlegg_1580.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kuczenski , R. , Segal , D. S. , Cho , A. K. and Melega , W. 1995 . Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine . The Journal of Neuroscience , 15 ( 2 ) : 1308 – 1317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. M. , Appel , J. B. and Greenberg , I. 1974 . An analysis of some discriminative properties of d-amphetamine . Psychopharmacologia , 39 ( 1 ) : 57 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , R. J. and Henningfield , J. E. 1994 . Human d-amphetamine drug discrimination: Methamphetamine and hydromorphone . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour , 61 ( 2 ) : 169 – 180 . doi: 10.1901/jeab.1994.61-169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamon , M. H. , Flower , K. , Salo , R. E. , Nordahl , T. E. , Kranzler , H. R. and Galloway , G. P. 2010 . Methamphetamine and paranoia: The methamphetamine experience questionnaire . American Journal on Addictions , 19 : 155 – 168 . doi: 1521-0391.2009.00014.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias , S. , Lubman , D. I. and Hides , L. 2008 . Substance-induced psychosis: A diagnostic conundrum . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 69 ( 3 ) : 358 – 367 . doi: 10.4088/JCP.v69n0304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , J. C. and Rutkowski , B. A. 2008 . The prevalence of methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse in North America: A review of the indicators, 1992–2007 . Drug and Alcohol Review , 27 ( 3 ) : 229 – 235 . doi: 10.1080/09595230801919460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor , C. , Srisurapanont , M. , Jittiwutikarn , J. , Laobhripatr , S. , Wongtan , T. and White , J. M. 2005 . The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal . Addiction , 100 ( 9 ) : 1320 – 1329 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01160.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKetin , R. , Kozel , N. , Douglas , J. , Ali , R. , Vicknasingam , B. , Lund , J. and Li , J. H. 2008 . The rise of methamphetamine in Southeast and East Asia . Drug and Alcohol Review , 27 ( 3 ) : 220 – 228 . doi: 10.1080/09595230801923710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKetin , R. , McLaren , J. , Lubman , D. I. and Hides , L. 2006 . The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users . Addiction , 101 ( 10 ) : 1473 – 1478 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson , J. , Uemura , N. , Harris , D. , Nath , R. P. , Fernandez , E. , Jacob , P. and Jones , R. T. 2006 . Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers . Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 80 ( 4 ) : 403 – 420 . doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mordal , J. , Bramness , J. G. , Holm , B. and Morland , J. 2008 . Drugs of abuse among acute psychiatric and medical admissions: Laboratory based identification of prevalence and drug influence . General Hospital Psychiatry , 30 ( 1 ) : 55 – 60 . doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal , D. S. and Kuczenski , R. 1997 . Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: Behavioral and neurochemical characterization . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 282 ( 2 ) : 561 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoblock , J. R. , Sullivan , E. B. , Maisonneuve , I. M. and Glick , S. D. 2003 . Neurochemical and behavioral differences between d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine in rats . Psychopharmacology , 165 ( 4 ) : 359 – 369 . doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1288-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisurapanont , M. , Ali , R. , Marsden , J. , Sunga , A. , Wada , K. and Monteiro , M. 2003 . Psychotic symptoms in methamphetamine psychotic in-patients . International Journal of Neuropsychopharmachology , 6 : 347 – 352 . doi: 10.1017/S1461145703003675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srisurapanont , M. , Arunpongpaisal , S. , Wada , K. , Marsden , J. , Ali , R. and Kongsakon , R. 2011 . Comparisons of methamphetamine psychotic and schizophrenic symptoms: A differential item functioning analysis . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 35 : 959 – 964 . doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ujike , H. , Katsu , T. , Okahisa , Y. , Takaki , M. , Kodama , M. , Inada , T. and Kuroda , S. 2009 . Genetic variants of D2 but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor gene are associated with rapid onset and poor prognosis of methamphetamine psychosis . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 33 : 625 – 629 . doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , S. , Gossop , M. , Powis , B. , Griffiths , P. , Fountain , J. and Strang , J. 1997 . Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 44 ( 2–3 ) : 87 – 94 . doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokel , R. A. and Pickens , R. 1973 . Self-administration of optical isomers of amphetamine and methylamphetamine by rats . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , 187 ( 1 ) : 27 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar