The Coming-Out Process of Gay Grandfathers: Perceptions of Their Adult Children's Influence

REFERENCES

• Allen , K. R. 1989 . Single women/family ties: Life histories of older women , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , K. R. and Demo , D. H. 1995 . The families of lesbian and gay men: A new frontier in family research . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 57 : 111 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , K. R. and Walker , A. J. 2000 . “ Qualitative research ” . In Close relationships: A sourcebook , Edited by: Hendrick , C. and Hendrick , S. S. 19 – 30 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Baranowski , M. D. 1982 . Grandparent-adolescent relations: Beyond the nuclear family . Adolescence , 17 : 575 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbone , S. and Rice , L. 1994 . Coming-out, being out, and acts of virtue . Journal of Homosexuality , 27 : 91 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , A. and Weinberg , M. 1978 . Homosexualities: A study of diversity among men and women , NY : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Bengtson , V. L. and Allen , K. R. 1993 . “ The life course perspective applied to families over time ” . In Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach , Edited by: Boss , P. G. , Doherty , W. J. , Larossa , R. , Schumm , W. R. and Steinmentz , S. K. 469 – 498 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , R. M. 1996 . Gay and gray: The older homosexual man , (2nd ed.) , Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bigner , J. J. and Bozett , F. W. 1990 . “ Parenting by gay fathers ” . In Homosexuality and family relations , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. and Sussman , M. B. 155 – 175 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bigner , J. J. and Jacobson , R. B. 1989 . “ The value of children to gay and heterosexual fathers ” . In Homosexuality and the family , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. 163 – 186 . Binghamton, NY : Harrington Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bogdan , R. C. and Biklen , S. K. 1998 . Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Bozett , F. W. 1987 . Gay and lesbian parents , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Cahill , S. , South , K. and Spade , J. 2000 . Outing age: Public policy issues affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender elders , New York : The Policy Institute of the Gay and Lesbian Task Force .
   Google Scholar
• Cherlin , A. J. and Furstenberg , F. F. 1985 . “ Styles and strategies of grandparenting ” . In Grandparenthood , Edited by: Bengtson , V. L. and Robertson , J. F. 97 – 116 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Clunis , D. M. , Fredriksen-Goldsen , K. I. , Freeman , P. A. and Nystrom , N. 2005 . Lives of lesbian elders: Looking back, looking forward , Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connidis , I. A. 2001 . Family ties & aging , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Daly , K. 1992 . “ The fit between qualitative research and characteristics of families ” . In Qualitative methods in family research , Edited by: Gilgun , J. F. , Daly , K. and Handel , G. 3 – 11 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• de Vries , B. and Megathlin , D. 2009 . The meaning of friendship for gay men and lesbians in the second half of life . Journal of GLBT Family Studies , 5 (1–2) : 83 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunham , C. C. and Bengtson , V. L. 1986 . “ Conceptual and theoretical perspectives on generational relations ” . In Life-span developmental psychology: Intergenerational relations , Edited by: Datan , N. , Greene , A. L. and Reese , H. W. 1 – 28 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics . 2000 . Older Americans 2000: Key indicators of well-being , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Fielding , N. G. 1994 . “ CAQDAS networking project: Getting into computer-aided qualitative data analysis ” . In Data Archive Bulletin September
   Google Scholar
• Fruhauf , C. A. , Roberto , K. A. , Stremmel , A. and Kretzer , S. E. . Paper session presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America . Boston, MA. Grandparenting in an era of change: Perspectives of three-generation families , November ,
   Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson , E. , Minkler , M. and Driver , D. 1997 . A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States . The Gerontologist , 37 : 406 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman , W. and Buhrmester , D. 1985 . “ Children's perception of the personal relationships in their social networks ” . In Developmental Psychology , Vol. 21 , 1016–1024 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibran , K. 1923 . The prophet , New York : A. A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , A. H. , D'Augelli , A. R. and Hershberger , S. L. 2000 . Social support networks of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults 60 years of age and older . Journal of Gerontology , 55B : 171 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1983 . “ Gay male and lesbian relationships ” . In Contemporary families and alternative lifestyles , Edited by: Macklin , E. D. and Rubin , R. H. 216 – 234 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Harry , J. 1993 . Being out: A general model . Journal of Homosexuality , 26 : 25 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdt , G. and de Vries , B. , eds. 2004 . Gay and lesbian aging: Research and future directions , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , E. 1979 . Young adults' relations with their grandparents: An exploratory study . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 10 : 299 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. and Plemons , J. K. 1979 . “ Life events and life-span development ” . In Life-span development and behavior , Edited by: Baltes , P. B. and Brim , O. G. Jr. Vol. 2 , 1 – 36 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. L. 2000 . Perspectives on American kinship in the later 1990s . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 62 : 623 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. B. and Jenkins , D. A. 2004 . Coming-out in middle adulthood: Building a new identity . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 16 ( 2 ) : 19 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahana , E. and Kahana , B. 1971 . Theoretical and research perspectives on grandparenthood . Aging and Human Development , 2 : 261 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel , D. , Rose , T. and David , S. , eds. 2006 . Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging: Research and clinical perspectives , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kivett , V. R. 1991 . The grandparent-grandchild connection . Marriage and Family Review , 16 : 267 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Kivnick , H. 1982 . The meaning of grandparenthood , Ann Harbor, MI : UMI Research Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kurdek , L. 2005 . What do we know about gay and lesbian couples? . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 14 : 251 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdek , L. 2006 . Differences between partners from heterosexual, gay, and lesbian cohabiting couples . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 28 : 509 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• Landry-Meyer , L. 1999 . Research into action: Recommended intervention strategies for grandparent caregivers . Family Relations , 48 : 381 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. M. and Murray , K. 2000 . For the love of the children: The coming-out process of lesbian and gay parents and stepparents . Journal of Homosexuality , 39 : 1 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , S. H. and Sprey , J. 1985 . Adolescents' relationship with grandparents: An empirical contribution to conceptual clarification . Journal of Gerontology , 40 : 621 – 626 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merriam , S. B. 1998 . Qualitative research and case study applications in education , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Neugarten , B. L. and Weinstein , K. 1964 . The changing American grandparent . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 26 : 199 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , B. S. and Muzzonigro , P. G. 1993 . The effects of traditional family values on the coming-out process of gay male adolescents . Adolescence , 28 : 213 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orel , N. A. and Fruhauf , C. A. 2006 . Lesbian and bisexual grandmothers' perceptions of the grandparent-grandchild relationship . Journal of GLBT Family Studies , 2 : 43 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. J. 1994 . Lesbian and gay couples considering parenthood: An agenda for research, services, and advocacy . Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 1 : 33 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative research & evaluation methods, , (3rd ed.) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Pruchno , R. 1999 . Raising grandchildren: The experiences of black and white grandmothers . The Gerontologist , 39 : 209 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawls , T. W. 2004 . “ Disclosure and depression among older gay and homosexual men: Findings from the Urban Men's Health Study ” . In Gay and lesbian aging: Research and future directions , Edited by: Herdt , G. and deVries , B. 117 – 141 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , A. L. and Hanjorgiris , W. F. 2000 . “ Coming-out: Lesbian, gay and bisexual identity development ” . In Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients , Edited by: Perez , R. M. , DeBord , K. A. and Bieschke , K. J. 35 – 55 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Roberto , K. A. 1990 . “ Grandparent and grandchild relationships ” . In Family relationships in later life , 2nd , Edited by: Brubaker , T. H. 100 – 112 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Roberto , K. A. , Allen , K. R. and Blieszner , R. 1999 . “ Older women, their children, and grandchildren: A feminist perspective on family relationships ” . In Fundamentals of feminist gerontology , Edited by: Garner , J. D. 67 – 84 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , J. F. 1976 . Significance of grandparents: Perceptions of young adult grandchildren . The Gerontologist , 16 : 137 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , M. W. 1990 . “ Married homosexual men: Prevalence and background ” . In Homosexuality and family relations , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. and Sussman , M. B. 35 – 58 . Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schulenberg , J. 1985 . Gay parenting , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Seidman , I. 1998 . Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (2nd. ed.) , New York : Teachers College .
   Google Scholar
• Sprey , J. and Matthews , S. H. 1982 . “ Contemporary grandparenthood: A systemic transition ” . In The annals of the American academy of political and social science: Middle and late life transitions , Edited by: Berardo , F. M. 91 – 103 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Szinovacz , M. E. 1998 . Grandparents today: A demographic profile . The Gerontologist , 38 : 37 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalen , D. , Bigner , J. J. and Barber , C. 2000 . The grandmother role as experienced by lesbian women . Journal of Women and Aging , 12 ( 3–4 ) : 39 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , J. M. and Klein , D. M. 2002 . Family theories (2nd. ed.) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , V. and Robertson , J. 1976 . “ The significance of grandparenthood ” . In Time, roles, and self in old age , Edited by: Gubrium , J. 278 – 304 . New York : Human Sciences Press .
   Google Scholar