REFERENCES
- Adu-Poku , S. 2001 . Envisioning (black) male feminism: A cross-cultural perspective . Journal of Gender Studies , 10 : 157 – 167 .
- Awkward , M. 1999 . “ A black man's place in black feminist criticism ” . In Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader , Edited by: Carbado , D. 362 – 382 . New York , NY : New York University Press .
- Bingham , T. A. , Harawa , N. T. , Johnson , D. F. , Secura , G. M. , MacKellar , D. A. and Valleroy , L. A. 2003 . The effect of partner characteristics on HIV infection among African American men who have sex with men in the Young Men's Survey, Los Angeles, 1999–2000 . AIDS Education and Prevention , 13 ( Suppl A ) : 39 – 52 .
- Blankenhorn , D. and Clayton , O. 2003 . “ Introduction ” . In Black fathers in contemporary American society , Edited by: Clayton , O. , Mincy , R. B. and Blankenhorn , D. 1 – 5 . New York , NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
- Boyd-Franklin , N. 2006 . Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience (2nd ed.) , New York , NY : The Guilford Press .
- Butler , M. H. and Gardner , B. C. 2003 . Adapting enactments to couple reactivity: Five developmental stages . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 27 : 211 – 328 .
- Carbado , D. 1999 . Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader , New York , NY : New York University Press .
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC) . 2010 . HIV and AIDS among gay and bisexual men (2010) . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/FastFacts-MSM-FINAL508COMP.pdf
- Collins , P. H. 2005 . Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism , New York , NY : Routledge .
- Craig , L. 2006 . Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children . Gender and Society , 20 : 259 – 281 .
- Crawford , I. , Allison , K. , Zamboni , B. D. and Soto , T. 2002 . The influence of dual-identity on the psychosocial functioning of African American gay and bisexual men . The Journal of Sex Research , 39 : 179 – 189 .
- Crenshaw , K. 1989 . Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics . The University of Chicago Legal Forum , 139 : 139 – 168 .
- D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14–21 . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 : 433 – 456 .
- Davis , S. D. and Butler , M. H. 2004 . Enacting relationships in marriage and family therapy: A conceptual and operational definition of an enactment . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 30 : 319 – 333 .
- Eisenberg , M. E. and Resnick , M. D. 2006 . Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors . Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 : 662 – 668 .
- Franklin , A. J. 2010 . “ Another side of invisibility: Present responsible black fathers ” . In Counseling fathers , Edited by: Oren , C. Z. and Oren , D. C. 121 – 127 . New York , NY : Taylor and Francis .
- Garcia-Preto , N. 2005 . “ Latino families: An overview ” . In Ethnicity and family therapy , 3rd ed. , Edited by: McGoldrick , M. , Giordano , J. and Garcia-Preto , N. 153 – 165 . New York , NY : The Guilford Press .
- Glaser , B. G. 1978 . Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory , Mill Valley , CA : Sociological Press .
- Glaser , B. G. 1992 . The basics of grounded theory analysis , Mill Valley , CA : Sociological Press .
- Goode-Cross , D. T. and Good , G. E. 2009 . Managing multiple-minority identities: African American men who have sex with men at predominately white universities . Journal of Diversity in Higher Education , 2 : 103 – 112 .
- Greene , B. and Boyd-Franklin , N. 1996 . African American lesbian couples: Ethnocultural considerations in psychotherapy . Women & Therapy , 19 : 49 – 61 .
- Hall , H. I. , Byers , R. H. , Ling , Q. and Espinoza , L. 2007 . Racial/ethnic and age disparities in HIV prevalence and disease progression among men who have sex with men in the United States . American Journal of Public Health , 97 : 1060 – 1066 .
- Harris , L. C. 1999 . “ The challenge and possibility for black males to embrace feminism ” . In Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader , Edited by: Carbado , D. W. 383 – 386 . New York , NY : New York University Press .
- Harris , W. G. 2003 . African American homosexual males on predominately white colleges and university campuses . Journal of African American Studies , 7 : 47 – 56 .
- Hrabowkski , F. A. , Maton , K. and Grief , G.I. I. 2005 . “ Father-son relationships: The father's voice ” . In Black fathers: An invisible presence in America , Edited by: Connor , M. E. and White , J. L. 17 – 51 . Mahwah , NJ : Laurence Erlbaum Associates .
- Hutchinson , E. O. 1999 . “ My gay problem, your black problem ” . In Black men on race, gender, and sexuality: A critical reader , Edited by: Carbado , D. W. 303 – 305 . New York , NY : New York University Press .
- Isay , R. A. 1989 . Being homosexual: Gay men and their development , New York , NY : Farrar. Straus, and Giroux .
- Johnson , S. M. 1996 . Creating connection: The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy , New York , NY : Brunner/Mazel .
- Kimmel , M. 2004 . The gendered society (2nd ed.) , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
- Kirkman , M. , Rosenthal , D. A. and Feldman , S. S. 2002 . “ Talking to a tiger: Fathers reveal their difficulties in communicating about sexuality with adolescents ” . In Talking sexuality: Parent-adolescent communication , Edited by: Feldman , S. and Rosenthal , D. 57 – 74 . San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
- LaSala , M. C. 2010 . Coming out, coming home: Helping families adjust to a gay or lesbian child , New York , NY : Columbia University Press .
- Lemelle , A. J. 2010 . Black masculinity and sexual politics , New York , NY : Routledge .
- Lemelle , A. J. and Battle , J. 2004 . Black masculinity matters in attitudes toward gay males . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 : 39 – 51 .
- Lemons , G. 2008 . Black male outsider a memoir: Teaching as a pro-feminist man , Albany , NY : Albany State University of New York Press .
- Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
- Mays , V. M. , Cochran , S. D. and Zamudio , A. 2004 . HIV prevention research: Are we meeting the needs of African American men who have sex with men? . Journal of Black Psychology , 30 : 78 – 105 .
- Millett , G. A. , Flores , S. A. , Peterson , J. L. and Bakeman , R. 2007 . Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors . AIDS , 15 : 1083 – 1091 .
- Murphy , Y. , Hunter , V. , Zajicek , A. , Norris , A. and Hamilton , L. 2009 . Incorporating intersectionality in social work practice, research, policy, and education , Washington , DC : NASW Press .
- Neal , M. A. 2006 . The new black man , New York , NY : Routledge .
- Needham , B. L. and Austin , E. L. 2010 . Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood . Journal of Youth Adolescence , 39 : 1189 – 1198 .
- Nichols , M. P. 2010 . Family therapy: Concepts and methods (9th ed.) , Allyn & Bacon : New York .
- Padgett , D. K. 2008 . Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd ed.) , Los Angeles , CA : Sage Publications .
- Ryan , C. , Huebner , D. , Diaz , R. M. and Sanchez , J. 2009 . Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults . Pediatrics , 123 : 346 – 362 .
- Ryan , C. , Russell , S. T. , Huebner , D. , Diaz , R. and Sanchez , J. 2010 . Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing , 23 : 205 – 213 .
- Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 2008 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.) , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
- Ueno , K. 2005 . Sexual orientation and psychological distress in adolescence: Examining interpersonal stressor and social support processes . Social Psychological Quarterly , 68 : 258 – 277 .
- U.S. Census Bureau . 2012 . Families below poverty level and below 125% of poverty by race and Hispanic origin: 1980–2009. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0715.pdf
- U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics . 2008 . Prison inmates at midyear 2009–statistical tables. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/pim09st.pdf
- Violence Policy Center . 2010 . Black homicide victimization in the United States , Retrieved from http://www.vpc.org/studies/Blackhomicide10.pdf
- Ward , E. 2005 . Homophobia, hypermasculinity, and the U.S. black church . Culture, Health & Sexuality , 7 : 493 – 504 .
- White , A. M. 2008 . Ain't I a feminist?: African American men speak out on fatherhood, friendship, forgivenss and freedom , Albany , NY : State University of New York Press .