Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths Coming Out to Their Parents: Parental Reactions and Youths’ Outcomes

REFERENCES

• Audet, M. (2007). De l’égalité juridique à l’égalité sociale: Vers une stratégie nationale de lutte contre l’homophobie [From legal equality to social equality: Toward a national strategy for reducing homophobia]. Report of the Commission des Droits de la Personne et des Droits de la Jeunesse (CDPDJ). Québec, Canada: Ministère de la justice, Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved from http://www.cdpdj.qc.ca/publications/rapport_homophobie.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Baiocco, R., Ioverno, S., Lonigro, A., Baumgartner, E., & Laghi, F. (2014). Suicidal ideation among Italian and Spanish young adults: The role of sexual orientation. Archives of Suicide Research. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2013.833150
   Google Scholar
• Bartko, J.J. (1966). The intraclass correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Psychological Reports, 19, 3–11. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, K.P., & Peplau, L.A. (2006). Disclosure patterns within social networks of gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 101–120. doi: 10.1300/J082v51n02_06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaty, L.A. (1999). Identity development of homosexual youth and parental and familial influences on the coming out process. Adolescence, 34, 597–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeler, J., & DiProva, V. (1999). Family adjustment following disclosure of homosexuality by a member: Themes discerned in narrative accounts. Journal of Marital Therapy, 25, 443–459. doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1999.tb00261.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ari, A. (1995). The discovery that an offspring is gay: Parents’, gay men's and lesbians’ perspectives. Journal of Homosexuality, 30, 89–112. doi: 10.1300/J082v30n04_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, A.M., Cook, J.A., & Herdt, G. (1991). Double jeopardy: Identity transition and parent-child relations among gay and lesbian youth. In K. Pillemer & K. McCartney (Eds.), Parent-child relations throughout life (pp. 59–91). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bregman, H.R., Malik, N.M., Page, M.J. L., Makynen, E., & Lindahl, K.M. (2013). Identity profiles in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: The role of family influences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 417–430. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9798-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, R.B., & Green, J.A. (1979). How to assess personality and social patterns: Observations or ratings? In R.B. Cairns (Ed.), The analysis of social interactions: Methods, issues, and illustrations (pp. 209–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Carmines, E.G., & Zeller, R.A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberland, L., Richard, G., & Bernier, M. (2013). Les violences homophobes et leurs impacts sur la persévérance scolaire des adolescents au Québec [Homophobic violence and its impact on school perseverance of Quebec adolescents]. Recherches et Éducations, 8, 99–114. . Retrieved from http://rechercheseducations.revues.org/1567
   Google Scholar
• Conley, C. (2011). Learning about a child's gay or lesbian sexual orientation: Parental concerns about societal rejection, loss of loved ones, and child well being. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 1022–1040. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.598409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, D.W., & Roach, A.J. (1988). Coming out to mom and dad: A study of gay males and their relationships with their parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15, 79–91. doi: 10.1300/J082v15n03_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amico, E., & Julien, D. (2012). Disclosure of sexual orientation and gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths’ adjustment: Associations with past and current parental acceptance and rejection. Journal of LGBT Family Studies, 8, 215–242. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2012.677232
   Google Scholar
• D’Amico, E., Julien, D., & Chartrand, E. (2008). Développement de l’identité sexuelle chez les jeunes hommes issus des minorités culturelles et socioculturelles au Québec [Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths in the province of Quebec]. In S. Brotman & J.J. Lévy (Eds.), Intersections (pp. 133–157). Québec, Canada: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
   Google Scholar
• D’Amico, E., Julien, D., Tremblay, N., & Chartrand, E. (2012). Réactions des parents suite au dévoilement de l’orientation sexuelle de leur enfant gai, lesbienne ou bisexuel-le [Parents’ reactions to their gay, lesbian, and bisexual child coming out]. Nouvelles pratiques sociales, 24, 120–139. doi: 10.7202/1016351ar
   Google Scholar
• Darby-Mullins, P., & Murdock, T.B. (2007). The influence of family environment factors on self-acceptance and emotional adjustment among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3, 75–91. doi: 10.1300/J461v03n01_04
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R. (2002). Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 433–456. doi: 10.1177/1359104502007003010
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R. (2003). Lesbian and bisexual female youths aged 14 to 21: Developmental challenges and victimization experiences. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7, 9–29. doi: 10.1300/J155v07n04_02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R. (2006). Developmental and contextual factors and mental health among lesbian, gay and bisexual youths. In A. Omoto & H. Kurtzman (Eds.), Recent research on sexual orientation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R., Grossman, A.H., Starks, M.T., & Sinclair, K.O. (2010). Factors associated with parents’ knowledge of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6, 1–21. doi: 10.1080/15504281003705410
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R., Hershberger, S.L., & Pilkington, N.W. (1998). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 361–371. doi: org/10.1037/h0080345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Augelli, A.R., Hershberger, S.L., & Pilkington, N.W. (2001). Suicidality patterns and sexual orientation-related factors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 31, 250–264. doi: 10.1521/suli.31.3.250.24246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daveluy, C., Pica, L., Audet, N., Courtemanche, R., Lapointe, F., Côté, L., & Baulne, J. (2000). Enquête sociale et de santé 1998 [Social and Health Survey 1998]. Québec, Canada: Institut de la Statistique du Québec. . (Legal deposit: Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec, Library and Archives Canada, ISBN: 2-551-20458-5).
   Google Scholar
• Davies, P. (1992). The role of disclosure in coming out among gay men. In K. Plummer (Ed.), Modern homosexualities: Fragments of lesbian and gay experience (pp.75–83). London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Deschesnes, M. (1998). Étude de la validité et de la fidélité de l’Indice de détresse psychologique de Santé Québec (IDPSQ-14) chez une population adolescente [Study of the validity and reliability of the Quebec Health Department's Psychological Distress Index in an adolescent population]. Canadian Psychology, 39, 288–298. doi: 10.1037/h0086820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L.M. (1998). Development of sexual orientation among adolescent and young adult women. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1085–1095. doi: org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur, Y., & Mintzer, A. (2001). A framework for the formation of gay male identity: Processes associated with adult attachment style and support from family and friends. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 143–167. doi: 10.1023/A:1002725217345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur, Y., & Ziv, M. (2001). Family support and acceptance, gay male identity, and psychological adjustment: A path model. Family Process, 40, 125–140. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2001.4020100125.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerman, K.L., Cheng, Y.P., Birditt, K.S., & Zarit, S. (2012). Only as happy as the least happy child: Multiple grown children's problems and successes and middle-aged parents’ well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 67, 184–193. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr086
   Google Scholar
• Floyd, F.J., Stein, T.S., Harter, K.S. M., Allison, A., & Nye, C.L. (1999). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Separation-individuation, parental attitudes, identity consolidation, and well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 719–739. doi: 10.1023/A:1021691601737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fotti, S.A., Katz, L.Y., Afifi, T.O., & Cox, B.J. (2006). The association between peer and parental relationships and suicidal behavior in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 698–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, W.J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 44–46. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.44
   Google Scholar
• Garb, H.N. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgment research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10299-003
   Google Scholar
• Goldfried, M.R., & Goldfried, A.P. (2001). The importance of parental support in the lives of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 681–693. doi: 10.1002/jclp.1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodrich, K. (2009). Mom and dad come out: The process of identifying as a heterosexual parent with a lesbian, gay, or bisexual child. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 3, 37–61. doi: 10.1080/15538600902754478
   Google Scholar
• Grafsky, E.L. (2014). Becoming the parent of a GLB son or daughter. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10, 36–57. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2014.857240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haber, M.G., Cohen, J.L., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B.B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 133–144. doi: 10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heatherington, L., & Lavner, J.A. (2008). Coming to terms with coming out: Review and recommendations for family-systems focused research. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 329–343. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (2002). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66, 40–66. doi: 10.1086/338409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G.M. (2004). Beyond “homophobia”: Thinking about sexual stigma and prejudice in the twenty-first century. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 1(2), 6–24. doi: 10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
   Google Scholar
• Ilfeld, F.W. (1976). Further validation of a psychiatric symptom index in a normal population. Psychological Reports, 39, 1215–1228. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1976.39.3f.1215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A.F., Korten, A.E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P.A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 423–427. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.5.423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Landis, J.R., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174. doi: 10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitner, L.M., & Cado, S. (1982). Personal constructs and homosexual stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 869–872. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.43.4.869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I.H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministère de la justice du Québec. (2011). Plan d’action gouvernemental de lutte contre l’homophobie 2011–2016 [Government Plan of Action Against Homophobia 2011–2016]. Québec, Canada: Gouvernement du Québec. . Retrieved from http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/francais/ministere/dossiers/homophobie/plan_action_homo_FR.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, J.J., & Fassinger, R.E. (2003). Self-acceptance and self-disclosure of sexual orientation in lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: An attachment perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 482–495. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.50.4.482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham, B.L., & Austin, E.L. (2010). Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1189–1198. doi: 10.1007/s10964-010-9533-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otis, J., Girard, M.E., Ryan, B., & Bourgon, M. (2002). Adaptation psychologique et sociale et relations parents-adolescents, chez les gais, lesbiennes, bisexuelles et bisexuels (GLB) [Psychosocial well being and parent-child relations among gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) youths]. Paper presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Association Francophone pour le Savoir, Quebec City, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Otis, J., Girard, M.E., Ryan, B., Bourgon, M., Engler, K., & Fugère, A. (2002). Empowerment des jeunes gais, lesbiennes et bisexuels: Analyse d’implantation et évaluation des effets du projet « Safe Spaces » implanté dans quatre villes canadiennes [Empowerment of gay, lesbian and bisexual youths: Safe Spaces project implementation and impact in four Canadian cities. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sexology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Otis, J., Ryan, B., Chouinard, N., & Fournier, K. (2001). Effets du Projet 10 sur le mieux-être sexuel de jeunes gais et bisexuels [Impact of Project 10 on gay and bisexual youths’ well-being]. Research report. Montreal, Canada: Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux Montréal-Centre. (Legal deposit: Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec, Library and Archives Canada, ISBN: 2-922432-09-2).
   Google Scholar
• Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. (2005a). Parents’ responses to homosexuality. In J.T. Sears (Ed.), Youth, education and sexualities: An international encyclopedia (pp. 605–608). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. (2005b). When our children come out: How to support gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered young people. Sidney, Australia: Finch Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method variance in behavioural research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 88, 879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potoczniak, D., Crosbie-Burnett, M., & Saltzburg, N. (2009). Experiences regarding coming out to parents among African American, Hispanic, and White gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning adolescents. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 21, 189–205. doi: 10.1080/1053872090277-2063
   Google Scholar
• Préville, M., Potvin, L., & Boyer, R. (1995). The structure of psychological distress. Psychological Reports, 77, 275–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, B.E., Walters, L.H., & Skeen, P. (1989). Response of parents learning that their child is homosexual and concern over AIDS: A national study. Journal of Homosexuality, 18, 59–80. doi: 10.1300/J082v18n01_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E.W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial differences in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 215–228. doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rothblum, E. (2014). Mars to Venus or Earth to Earth: How do families of origin fit into LGBTQ lives? Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10, 231–241. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2014.857235
   Google Scholar
• Russell, S.T. (2003). Minority youth and suicide risk. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 1241–1257. doi: 10.1177/0002764202250667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R.M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123, 346–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Russell, S.T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R.M., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 205–213. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3524
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saltzburg, S. (2004). Learning that an adolescent child is gay or lesbian: The parent experience. Social Work, 49, 109–118. doi: 10.1093/sw/49.1.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satin, A., & Shastry, W. (1993). L’échantillonnage: Un guide non mathématique [Survey sampling: A non-mathematical guide]. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C. (1998). “… and then I became gay”: Young men's stories. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C. (2001). Mom, Dad. I’m gay: How families negotiate coming out. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C., & Diamond, L.M. (1999). Sexual orientation. In W.K. Silverman & T.H. Ollendick (Eds.), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children (pp. 241–258). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C., & Dubé, E.M. (1998). Parental reactions to their child's disclosure of a gay/lesbian identity. Family Relations, 1, 7–13. doi: 10.2307/584845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R.C., & Ream, G.L. (2003). Sex variation in the disclosure to parents of same-sex attractions. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 429–438. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svab, A., & Kuhar, R. (2014). The transparent and family closets: Gay men and lesbians and their families of origins. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10, 15–35. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2014.857553
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby, B.L., Doty, N.D., & Malik, N.M. (2010). Victimization, family rejection, and outcomes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people: The role of negative GLB identity. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6, 403–424. doi: 10.1080/1550428X.2010.511085
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby, B.L., Malik, N.M., & Lindahl, K.M. (2006). Parental reactions to their sons’ sexual orientation disclosures: The roles of family cohesion, adaptability, and parenting style. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7, 14–26. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.7.1.14
   Google Scholar