Depression in Trans People: A Review of the Risk Factors

REFERENCES

• Agarwal , M. M. , Khandelwal , N. , Mandal , A. K. , Rana , S. V. , Gupta , V. , Mohan , V. C. and Kishore , G. V. M. K. 2005 . Factors affecting bone mineral density in patients with prostate carcinoma before and after orchidectomy . Cancer, 103 , : 2042 – 2052 .
   Google Scholar
• Aro , H. 1994 . Risk and protective factors in depression: A developmental perspective . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 377 ( Suppl. ) : 59 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arreola , S. , Neilands , T. , Pollack , L. , Paul , J. and Catania , J. 2008 . Childhood sexual experiences and adult health sequelae among gay and bisexual men: Defining sexual abuse . The Journal of Sex Research , 45 : 246 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asscheman , H. , Gooren , L. J. G. and Eklund , P. L. E. 1989 . Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment . Metabolism , 38 : 869 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard , A. G. 2005 . Effects of sexuality on lesbians’ experiences of depression . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing & Mental Health Services , 43 ( 10 ) : 36 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauer , G. R. , Hammond , R. , Travers , R. , Kaay , M. , Hohenadel , K. M. and Boyce , M. 2009 . I don't think this is theoretical; this is our lives”: How erasure impacts health care for transgender people . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 20 : 348 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , R. , Clemmensen , L. H. and Steiner , B. W. 1983 . Gender reorientation and psychosocial adjustment in male-to-female transsexuals . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 12 : 503 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , R. and Steiner , B. W. 1983 . Gender reorientation, psychological adjustment, and involvement with female partners in female-to-male transsexuals . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 12 : 149 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting , W. O. , Robinson , B. E. , Forberg , J. and Scheltema , K. 2005 . Evaluation of a sexual health approach to reducing HIV/STD risk in the transgender community . AIDS Care , 17 : 289 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting , W. O. , Robinson , B. E. and Rosser , B. R. S. 1998 . Transgender HIV prevention: A qualitative needs assessment . AIDS Care , 10 : 505 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , C. M. , Eccles , J. S. and Becker , J. B. 1992 . Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones? Evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 62 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassano , P. and Fava , M. 2002 . Depression and public health: An overview . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 53 : 849 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle , K. , Marx , R. , Guzman , R. and Katz , M. 2001 . HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: Implications for public health intervention . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 915 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle , K. , Marx , R. and Katz , M. 2006 . Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization . Journal of Homosexuality , 51 ( 3 ) : 53 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. , Mays , V. M. , Alegria , M. , Ortega , A. N. and Takeuchi , D. 2007 . Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 : 785 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , E. and Sheehan , B. 2005 . Access to health services for transsexual people , Equality Research Series). Dublin, Ireland: The Equality Authority
   Google Scholar
• Couch , M. , Pitts , M. , Mulcare , H. , Croy , S. , Mitchell , A. and Patel , S. 2007 . Tranznation: A report on the health and wellbeing of transgender people in Australia and New Zealand (Monograph Series No. 65) , Melbourne, Australia: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society .
   Google Scholar
• Cooperman , N. S. , Simoni , J. M. and Lockhart , D. W. 2003 . Abuse, social support, and depression among HIV-positive heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 7 ( 4 ) : 49 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies , M. , Addis , S. , MacBride-Stewart , S. and Shepherd , M. 2009 . The health, social care and housing needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people: Literature review , Cardiff, UK: Centre for Health Sciences Research, Cardiff Institute of Society, Health and Ethics .
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21 . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 : 433 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Dean , L. , Meyer , I. H. , Robinson , K. , Sell , R. L. , Sember , R. , Silenzio , V. M. B. and … Xavier , J. 2000 . Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: Findings and concerns . Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association , 4 : 102 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• De Cuypere , G. , Elaut , E. , Heylens , G. , van Maele , G. , Selvaggi , G. , T’Sjoen , G. and … Monstrey , S. 2006 . Long-term follow-up: Psychosocial outcome of Belgian transsexuals after sex reassignment surgery . Sexologies , 15 : 126 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Elifson , K. W. , Boles , J. , Posey , E. , Sweat , M. , Darrow , W. and Elsea , W. 1993 . Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk . American Journal of Public Health , 83 : 260 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , K. M. and Eriksen , K. 2002 . Transsexual and transgenderist experiences and treatment options . Family Journal , 10 : 289 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Espelage , D. L. , Aragon , S. R. , Birkett , M. and Koenig , B. W. 2008 . Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? . School Psychology Review , 37 : 202 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman , J. L. and Goldberg , J. 2006 . Transgender primary medical care: Suggested guidelines for clinicians in British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia : Canada: Vancouver Coastal Health, Trans Care Project .
   Google Scholar
• Frost , D. M. , Parsons , J. T. and Nanin , J. E. 2007 . Stigma, concealment and symptoms of depression as explanations for sexually transmitted infections among gay men . Journal of Health Psychology , 12 : 636 – 640 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futterweit , W. 1998 . Endocrine therapy of transsexualism and potential complications of long-term treatment . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 27 : 209 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapka , S. and Raj , R. 2003 . Trans Health Project: A position paper and resolution adopted by the Ontario Public Health Association Retrieved from http://www.opha.on.ca/our_voice/ppres/papers/2003-06_pp.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Garnefski , N. , Teerds , J. , Kraaij , V. , Legerstee , J. and van den Kommer , T. 2004 . Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females . Personality and Individual Differences , 36 : 267 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofalo , R. , Deleon , J. , Osmer , E. , Doll , M. and Harper , G. W. 2006 . Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth . Journal of Adolescent Health , 38 : 230 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gattari , P. , Rezza , G. , Zaccarelli , M. , Valenzi , C. and Tirelli , U. 1991 . HIV infection in drug using transvestites and transexuals . European Journal of Epidemiology , 7 : 711 – 712 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , J. , Matte , N. and MacMillan , M. 2003 . Community survey: Transition/crossdressing services in BC, Final report , Vancouver , British Columbia : Canada: Vancouver Coastal Health, Trans Care Project .
   Google Scholar
• Gomez-Gil , E. , Vidal-Hagemeijer , A. and Salamero , M. 2008 . MMPI-2 characteristics of transsexuals requesting sex reassignment: Comparison of patients in prehormonal and presurgical phases . Journal of Personality Assessment , 90 : 368 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman , C. W. and Goldberg , J. M. 2006 . Social and medical advocacy with transgender people and loved ones: Recommendations for BC Clinicians , Vancouver, British Columbia , , Canada : Vancouver Coastal Health, Trans Care Project .
   Google Scholar
• Irwin , J. 1999 . “The pink ceiling is too low”: Workplace experiences of lesbians, gay men and transgender people , Sydney , , Australia : NSW Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby .
   Google Scholar
• Irwin , J. 2002 . Discrimination against gay men, lesbians, and transgender people working in education . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 14 : 65 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B. E. 2001 . Is having the luck of growing old in the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender community good or bad luck? . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 13 ( 4 ) : 13 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenagy , G. P. 2002 . HIV among transgendered people . AIDS Care , 14 : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. and Essex , M. 1982 . Marital status and depression: The importance of coping resources . Social Forces , 61 : 484 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok , L. P. , Ho , M. L. , Heng , B. H. and Ong , Y. W. 1990 . A psychosocial study of high risk subjects for AIDS . Singapore Medical Journal , 31 : 573 – 582 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreiss , J. L. and Patterson , D. L. 1997 . Psychosocial issues in primary care of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth . Journal of Health Care , 11 : 266 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , A. , Crown , A. and Reid , R. 2003 . Endocrine intervention for transsexuals . Clinical Endocrinology , 59 : 409 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi , E. L. , Wilchins , R. A. , Priesing , D. and Malouf , D. 2001 . Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination . Journal of Homosexuality , 42 : 89 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lothstein , L. M. 1979 . The aging gender dysphoria (transsexual) patient . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 8 : 431 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguen , S. , Shipherd , J. C. and Harris , H. N. 2005 . Providing culturally sensitive care for transgender patients . Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , 12 : 479 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mate-Kole , C. , Freschi , M. and Robin , A. 1988 . British Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 550 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mate-Kole , C. , Freschi , M. and Robin , A. 1990 . A controlled study of psychological and social change after surgical gender reassignment in selected transsexuals . British Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 261 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers , C. D. and Loncar , D. 2006 . Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 . PLoS Medicine , 3 : 2011 – 2030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , A. K. , Hughes , T. L. , Johnson , T. , Razzano , L. A. and Cassidy , R. 2002 . Prediction of depressive distress in a community sample of women: The role of sexual orientation . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1131 – 1139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megeri , D. and Khoosal , D. 2007 . Anxiety and depression in males experiencing gender dysphoria . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 22 : 77 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Michel , A. , Ansseau , M. , Legros , J. J. , Pitchot , W. and Mormont , C. 2002 . The transsexual: What about the future? . European Psychiatry , 17 : 353 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , T. C. , Paul , J. , Stall , R. , Pollack , L. , Canchola , J. , Chang , Y. J. and … Catania , J. A. 2004 . Distress and depression in men who have sex with men: The urban men's health study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 278 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modan , B. , Goldschmidt , R. , Rubinstein , E. , Vonsover , A. , Zinn , M. , Golan , R. and … Gottlieb-Stematzky , T. 1992 . Prevalence of HIV Antibodies in transsexual and female prostitutes . American Journal of Public Health , 82 : 590 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namaste , V. K. 2000 . Invisible lives: The erasure of transsexual and transgendered people , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health . 2009 . What causes depression? , Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/what-causes-depression.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Nemoto , T. , Operario , D. , Keatley , J. and Villegas , D. 2004 . Social context of HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders of colour . AIDS Care , 16 : 724 – 735 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemoto , T. , Operario , D. , Sevelius , J. , Keatley , J. , Han , L. and Nguyen , H. 2004, November . Transphobia among transgenders of color , Washington , DC : Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Newfield , E. , Hart , S. , Dibble , S. and Kohler , L. 2006 . Female-to-male transgender quality of life . Quality of Life Research , 15 : 1447 – 1457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock , L. , Hwahng , S. , Bockting , W. , Rosenblum , A. , Mason , M. , Macri , M. and Becker , J. 2010 . Psychiatric impact of gender-related abuse across the life course of male-to-female transgender persons . The Journal of Sex Research , 47 : 12 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock , L. , Rosenblum , A. and Blumenstein , R. 2002 . Transgender identity affirmation and mental health . The International Journal of Transgenderism , 6 ( 4 ) : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Operario , D. and Nemoto , T. 2005 . Sexual risk behavior and substance use among a sample of Asian Pacific Islander transgendered women . AIDS Education and Prevention , 17 : 430 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten , S. and Juby , H. 2008 . A profile of clinical depression in Canada , Research Synthesis Series 1). Ottawa, Canada: Research Data Centre Network
   Google Scholar
• Paykel , E. S. 1994 . Life events, social support and depression . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 377 ( Suppl. ) : 50 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirl , W. F. , Siegel , G. I. , Goode , M. J. and Smith , M. R. 2002 . Depression in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: A pilot study . Psycho-Oncology , 11 : 518 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabkin , J. G. 2008 . HIV and depression: 2008 review and update . Current HIV/AIDS Reports , 5 : 163 – 171 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raj , R. 2007 . Transactivism as therapy: A client self-empowerment model linking personal and social agency . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy , 11 ( 3/4 ) : 77 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Rohr , U. D. 2002 . The impact of testosterone imbalance on depression and women's health . Maturitas, 41 , : S25 – S46 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , M. W. and Need , J. A. 1989 . Effects of adequacy of gender reassignment surgery on psychological adjustment: A follow-up of fourteen male-to-female patients . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 18 : 145 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotondi , N. K. , Bauer , G. R. , Scanlon , K. , Kaay , M. , Travers , R. and Travers , A. 2011 . Prevalence of and risk and protective factors for depression in female-to-male transgender Ontarians: Trans PULSE Project . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 30 : 135 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotondi , N. K. , Bauer , G. R. , Travers , R. , Travers , A. , Scanlon , K. and Kaay , M. 2011 . Depression in male-to-female transgender Ontarians: Results from the Trans PULSE Project . Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health , 30 : 113 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Serano , J. 2007 . Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity , Emeryville, CA: Seal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shahinian , V. B. , Kuo , Y. F. , Freeman , J. L. and Goodwin , J. S. 2006 . Risk of the “androgen deprivation syndrome” in men receiving androgen deprivation for prostate cancer . Archives of Internal Medicine , 166 : 465 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slabbekoorn , D. , van Goozen , S. H. M. , Gooren , L. J. G. and Cohen-Kettenis , P. T. 2001 . Effects of cross-sex hormone treatment on emotionality in transsexuals . The International Journal of Transgenderism , 5 ( 3 ) : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Sugano , E. , Nemoto , T. and Operario , D. 2006 . The impact of exposure to transphobia on HIV risk behavior in a sample of transgendered women of color in San Francisco . AIDS and Behavior , 10 : 217 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. A. , Shanafelt , T. D. and Loprinzi , C. L. 2003 . Andropause: Symptom management for prostate cancer patients treated with hormonal ablation . The Oncologist , 8 : 474 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassersug , R. , Gray , R. E. , Barbara , A. , Trosztmer , C. , Raj , R. and Sinding , C. 2007 . Experiences of transwomen with hormone therapy . Sexualities , 10 : 101 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Willging , C. E. , Salvador , M. and Kano , M. 2006 . Unequal treatment: Mental health care for sexual and gender minority groups in a rural state . Psychiatric Services , 57 : 867 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. K. , Wyatt , G. E. , Rivkin , I. , Ramamurthi , H. C. , Li , X. and Liu , H. 2008 . Risk reduction for HIV-positive African American and Latino men with histories of childhood sexual abuse . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 37 : 763 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witten , T. M. 2001 . Transgender aging: An emerging population and an emerging need . Sexologies , 12 ( 44 ) : 14 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , X. and DeMaris , A. 1996 . Gender and marital status differences in depression: The effects of chronic strains . Sex Roles , 34 : 299 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar