Sociodemographic characteristics and traumatic experiences in an Italian transgender sample

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fifth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth edition ( Text revision ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., Van Den Noortgate, W., Claes, L., Witcomb, G., & Fernandez-Aranda, F. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies in transsexualism. European Psychiatry, 30(6), 807–815. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, A., Kesteren, P. J. M., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bezemer, P. D. (1993). The prevalence of transsexualism in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(4), 237–238. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03364.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini, E., Fisher, A. D., Castellini, G., Lo Sauro, C., Lelli, L., Meriggiola, M. C., & Ricca, V. (2013). Gender identity disorder and eating disorders: similarities and differences in terms of body uneasiness. The journal of sexual medicine, 10(4), 1012–23. doi:10.1111/jsm.12062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandini, E., Fisher, A. D., Ricca, V., Ristori, J., Meriggiola, M. C., Jannini, E. A., & Maggi, M. (2011). Childhood maltreatment in subjects with male-to-female gender identity disorder. International Journal of Impotence Research, 23(6), 276–285. doi: 10.1038/ijir.2011.39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16(2), 139–152. doi:10.1007/BF01542067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting, W. O. (2008). Psychotherapy and the reallife experience: From gender dichotomy to gender diversity. Sexologies, 17(4), 211–224. doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2008.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodlund, O., Kullgren, G., Sundbom, E., & Höjerback, T. (1993). Personality traits and disorders among transsexuals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88(5), 322–327. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03467.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan J. C. (1999) Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 945–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnes, T. R., Dexter, M. M., Richmond, K., Singh, A. A., & Cherrington, A. (2016). The experiences of transgender survivors of trauma who undergo social and medical transition. Traumatology, 22(1), 75–84. doi:10.1037/trm0000064
   Google Scholar
• Burns, A., Farrell, M., & Brown, J. C. (1990). Clinical features of patients attending a gender-identity clinic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157(2), 265–268. doi:10.1192/bjp.157.2.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldarera, A., & Pfäfflin, F. (2011). Transsexualism and sex reassignment surgery in Italy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(1), 26–36. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.605341
   Google Scholar
• Coates, S. W., & Cook, C. (2001). Disturbi dell'identità di genere [Gender identity disorders]. In M. Ammaniti (Ed.), Manuale di Psicopatologia dell'Infanzia (pp. 173–195). Milan, Italy: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, S. W., & Moore, M. S. (1998). The complexity of early trauma: Representation and transformation. In D. Di Ceglie & D. Freedman (Eds.), A stranger in my own body (pp. 39–62). London, UK: H. Karnac Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen-Kettenis, P. T, & Pfäfflin, F. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 499–513. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., De Cuypere, G., Feldman, J., & Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873
   Google Scholar
• De Cuypere, G., Jannes, C., & Rubens, R. (1995). Psychosocial functioning of transsexuals in Belgium. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91(3), 180–184. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09763.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cuypere, G., Van Hemelrijck, M., Michel, A., Carael, B., Heylens, G., Rubens, R., & Monstrey, S. (2007). Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium. European Psychiatry : The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 22(3), 137–141. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettore, D., & Ristori, J. (2005). Disturbo dell'identità di genere: Teorie eziopatogenetiche [Gender identity disorder: Etiopathogenetic theories]. In D. Dettore (Ed.), Il disturbo dell'identità di genere: Diagnosi, eziologia, trattamento. Milan, Italy: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Devor, H. (1994). Transsexualism, dissociation, and child abuse. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 6(3), 49–72. doi:10.1300/J056v06n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Dixen, J. M., Maddever, H., Maasdam, J., & Edwards, P. W. (1984). Psychosocial characteristics of applicants evaluated for surgical gender reassignment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13(3), 269–276. doi:10.1007/BF01541653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondoli, G. (2016). Transgender persons’ rights in Italy: Bernaroli's case. International Journal of Transgenderism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1247404
   Google Scholar
• Esteva de Antonio, I., Giraldo, F., Bergero de Miguel, T., Cano Oncala, G., Crespillo Gomez, C., & Ruız de Adana, S. (2001). Evaluacion endocrinologica y tratamiento hormonal de la transexualidad en la Unidad de Trastornos de Identidad de Genero en Andalucıa (Malaga) [Endocrinological evaluation and hormone treatment of transsexuality by the Andalusian gender identity disorder. Cirugıa Plastica Ibero-latinoamericana, 27, 273–280.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, A. D., Bandini, E., Casale, H., Ferruccio, N., Meriggiola, M. C., Gualerzi, A., & Maggi, M. (2013). Socio-demographic and clinical features of gender identity disorder: An Italian multicentric evaluation. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(2), 408–419. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.03006.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, A. D., Bandini, E., Ricca, V., Ferruccio, N., Corona, G., Meriggiola, M. C., & Maggi, M. (2010). Dimensional profiles of male to female gender identity disorder: An exploratory research. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(7), 2487–2498. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01687.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrels, L., Kockott, G., Michael, N., Preuss, W., Renter, K., Schmidt, G., & Windgassen, K. (2000). Sex ratio of transsexuals in Germany: The development over three decades. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(6), 445–448. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102006445.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehring, D., & Knudson, G. (2005). Prevalence of childhood trauma in a clinical population of transsexual people. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(1), 23–30. doi:10.1300/J485v08n01_03
   Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). The adult attachment interview protocol. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Godano, A., Maggi, M., Jannini, E., Meriggiola, M. C., Ghigo, E., Todarello, O., & Manieri, C. (2009). SIAMS-ONIG Consensus on hormonal treatment in gender identity disorders. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 32(10), 857–864. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20065624
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Godlewski, J. (1988). Transsexualism and anatomic sex ratio reversal in Poland. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17(6), 547–548. doi:10.1007/BF01542342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Gil, E., Trilla, A., Salamero, M., Godás, T., & Valdés, M. (2009). Socio-demographic, clinical, and psychiatric characteristics of transsexuals from Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 378–392 doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9307-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorin-Lazard, A., Baumstarck, K., Boyer, L., Maquigneau, A., Gebleux, S., Penochet, J. C., & Bonierbale, M. (2012). Is hormonal therapy associated with better quality of life in transsexuals? A cross-sectional study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(2), 531–541. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02564.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraldsen, I. R., & Dahl, A. A. (2000). Symptom profiles of gender dysphoric patients of transsexual type compared to patients with personality disorders and healthy adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(4), 276–281. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004276.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan J. C. (1999). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(6), 945–951.
   Google Scholar
• Herman-Jeglińska, A., Grabowska, A., & Dulko, S. (2002). Masculinity, femininity, and transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(6), 527–534. doi:10.1023/A:1020611416035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshiai, M., Matsumoto, Y., Sato, T., Ohnishi, M., Okabe, N., Kishimoto, Y., & Kuroda, S. (2010). Psychiatric comorbidity among patients with gender identity disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64(5), 514–519. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02118.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbimbo, C., Verze, P., Palmieri, A., Longo, N., Fusco, F., Arcaniolo, D., & Mirone, V. (2009). A report from a single institute's 14-year experience in treatment of male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(10), 2736–2745. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01379.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Istituto nazionale di statistica (ISTAT). (2014). Retrieved from https://www.istat.it/it/istituto-nazionale-di-statistica
   Google Scholar
• Kersting, A., Reutemann, M., Gast, U., Ohrmann, P., Suslow, T., Michael, N., & Arolt, V. (2003). Dissociative disorders and traumatic childhood experiences in transsexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(3), 182–189. doi:10.1097/01.NMD.0000054932.22929.5D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kockott, G., & Fahrner, E. M. (1988). Male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals: A comparison. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17(6), 539–546. doi:10.1007/BF01542341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreukels, B. P. C., Haraldsen, I. R., De Cuypere, G., Richter-Appelt, H., Gijs, L., & Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2012). A European network for the investigation of gender incongruence: The ENIGI initiative. European Psychiatry, 27, 445–450. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehnle, K., & Sullivan, A. (2001). Patterns of anti-gay violence: an analysis of incident characteristics and victim reporting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 928–943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landén, M., Wålinder, J., & Lundström, B. (1996). Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93(4), 221–223. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10638.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landén, M., Wålinder, J., & Lundström, B. (1998). Clinical characteristics of a total cohort of female and male applicants for sex reassignment: A descriptive study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97(3), 189–194. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09986.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, A. A. (2005). Sexuality before and after male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(2), 147–166. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1793-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppel, K. (2016). The labor force status of transgender men and women. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(3-4), 155–164. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1236312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lothstein, L. M. (1984). Psychological testing with transsexuals: A 30-year review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(5), 500–507. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4805_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeddu, F., Prunas, A., & Hartmann, D. (2009). Prevalence of Axis II disorders in a sample of clients undertaking psychiatric evaluation for sex reassignment surgery. Psychiatric Quarterly, 80(4), 261–267. doi:10.1007/s11126-009-9114-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mepham, N. J., Bouman, W. P., Arcelus, J., Hayter, M., & Wylie, K. R. (2014). People with gender dysphoria who self prescribe cross-sex hormones: Prevalence, sources and side effects knowledge. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(12), 2995–3001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meriggiola, M. C., Jannini, E. A., Lenzi, A., Maggi, M., & Manieri, C. (2010). Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline: Commentary from a European perspective. European Journal of Endocrinology, 162(5), 831–833. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, A., Mormont, C., and Legros, J. J. (2001). A psycho-endocrinological overview of transsexualism. European Journal of Endocrinology, 145(4), 365–376. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1450365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., et al. (1993). Childhood sexual abuse and mental health in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 721– 732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, P. E., Romans-Clarkson, S. E., Walton, V. A., et al. (1988). Impact of sexual and physical abuse on women's mental health. Lancet, i, 841– 845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieder, T. O., Herff, M., Cerwenka, S., Preuss, W. F., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., De Cuypere, G., & Richter-Appelt, H. (2011). Age of onset and sexual orientation in transsexual males and females. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(3), 783–791. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02142.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Gorman, E. C. (1982). A retrospective study of epidemiological and clinical aspects of 28 transsexual patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11(3), 231–6. doi:10.1007/BF01544991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, S. E., & Möller, A. R. (2003). On the incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden, 1972-2002. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 381–386. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12856899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, J., van Trotsenburg, M., Kaufmann, U., Schrögendorfer, K., Haslik, W., Huber, J. C., & Wenzl, R. (2010). Combined hysterectomy/salpingo-oophorectomy and mastectomy is a safe and valuable procedure for female-to-male transsexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(6), 2130–2138. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01719.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakic, Z., Starcevic, V., Maric, J., & Kelin, K. (1996). The outcome of sex reassignment surgery in Belgrade: 32 patients of both sexes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(5), 515–525. doi:10.1007/BF02437545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Wålinder, J., Lundströ, B., & Thuwe, I. (1981). Cross-cultural approaches to transsexualism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 63(1), 75–82. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00652.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181–214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Samons, S. L. (2008). When the opposite sex isn't: Sexual orientation in male to female transgender people. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Bochicchio, V., Valerio, P., & Frost, D. M. (2016). Psychometric characteristics of the transgender identity survey in an Italian sample: A measure to assess positive and negative feelings towards transgender identity. International Journal of Transgenderism, Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1241975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., Sirof, B., & Knutelska, M. (2001). The role of childhood interpersonal trauma in depersonalization disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1027–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, L., Zsolt, U., Fogd, D., & Czobor, P. (2011). Dysfunctional core beliefs, perceived parenting behavior and psychopathology in gender identity disorder: A comparison of male-to-female, female-to-male transsexual and nontranssexual control subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(1), 38–45. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Y. L. S., van Goozen, S. H. M., Kuiper, A. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2005). Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance. Psychiatry Research, 137(3), 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi, W. F. (1990). Developmental profile of 200 male and 100 female transsexuals in Singapore. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19(6), 595–605. doi:10.1007/BF01542468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi, W. F. (1992). Male and female transsexuals: A comparison. Singapore Medical Journal, 33(2), 182–185. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Kesteren, P. J., Gooren, L. J., & Megens, J. A. (1996). An epidemiological and demographic study of transsexuals in the Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(6), 589–600. doi:10.1007/BF02437841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschoor, A. M., & Poortinga, J. (1988). Psychosocial differences between Dutch male and female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17(2), 173–178. doi:10.1007/BF01542666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitelli, R., & Riccardi, E. (2011). Gender identity disorder and attachment theory: The influence of the patient's internal working models on psychotherapeutic engagement and objective. A study undertaken using the adult attachment interview. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 241–253. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.551485
   Google Scholar
• Vujovic, S., Popovic, S., Sbutega-Milosevic, G., Djordjevic, M., & Gooren, L. (2009). Transsexualism in Serbia: A twenty-year follow-up study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(4), 1018–1023. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00799.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitze, C., & Osburg, S. (1996). Transsexualism in Germany: Empirical data on epidemiology and application of the German Transsexuals’ Act during its first ten years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(4), 409–425. doi:10.1007/BF02437583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, T., & Ettner, R. (2004). Disclosure, risks and protective factors for children whose parents are undergoing a gender transition. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 8(1-2), 129–145. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J236v08n01_10#.UrnSk9LuLdg
   Google Scholar
• Whittle, S., Turner, L., Al-Alami, M., Rundall, E., & Thom, B. (2007). Engendered penalties: Transgender and transsexual people's experiences of inequality and discrimination. Wetherby, UK: Wetherby Communities and Local Government Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zucker, K. J., & Bradley, S. J. (1995). Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zucker, K. J., & Lawrence, A. A. (2009). Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 11(1), 8–18. doi:10.1080/15532730902799946
   Google Scholar
• Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Sanikhani, M. (1997). Sex differences in referral rates of children with gender identity disorder: Some hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(3), 217–227. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9212374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar