2,376
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Internalized transphobia: Exploring perceptions of social messages in transgender and gender-nonconforming adults

, , , , &

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Amodeo, A. L., Vitelli, R., Scandurra, C., Picariello, S., & Valerio, P. (2015). Adult attachment and transgender identity in the Italian context: Clinical implications and suggestions for further research. International Journal of Transgenderism, 16(1), 49–61. doi:10.1080/15532739.2015.1022680
  • Austin, A., & Goodman, R. (2017). The impact of social connectedness and internalized transphobic stigma on self-esteem among transgender and gender non-conforming adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 825–841.
  • Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT people of color microaggressions scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163.
  • Bessenoff, G. R., & Snow, D. (2006). Absorbing society's influence: Body image self-discrepancy and internalized shame. Sex Roles, 54(9–10), 727–731.
  • Breslow, A. S., Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Wong, S., Geiger, E., & Soderstrom, B. (2015). Resilience and collective action: Exploring buffers against minority stress for transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 253–265. doi:10.1037/sgd0000117
  • Bockting, W. O., Miner, M., Swinburne Romine, R., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the U.S. transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951.
  • Carnaghi, A., & Maass, A. (2007). In-group and out-group perspectives in the use of derogatory group labels gay versus fag. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 142–156.
  • Cox, N., Dewaele, A., van Houtte, M., & Vincke, J. (2011). Stress-related growth, coming out, and internalized homonegativity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. An examination of stress-related growth within the minority stress model. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 117–137. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.533631
  • D'Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Hershberger, S. L., & O'Connell, T. S. (2001). Aspects of mental health among older lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Aging and Mental Health, 5(2), 149–158. doi:10.1080/13607860120038366
  • Fisher, A. D., Castellini, G., Ristori, J., Casale, H., Giovanardi, G., Carone, N., & Ricca, V. (2016). Who has the worst attitudes toward sexual minorities? Comparison of transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, the general population and health care providers. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 40(3), 263–273.
  • Harper, S. R. (2007). Peer support for African American male college achievement: Beyond internalized racism and the burden of “acting White.” Journal of Men's Studies, 14(3), 337–358.
  • Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. doi:10.1037/a0029597
  • Henkel, K. E., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Institutional discrimination, individual racism, and Hurricane Katrina. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 6(1), 99–124.
  • Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2012). Consensual qualitative research: A practical resource for investigating social science phenomena. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Hilton, J. L., & Von Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47(1), 237–271.
  • Horvath, K. J., Iantaffi, A., Grey, J. A., & Bockting, W. (2012). A review of the content and format of transgender-related webpages. Health Communication, 27(5), 457–466.
  • Iantaffi, A., & Bockting, W. O. (2011). Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and transgender people's experiences of relationships. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13(3), 355–370. doi:10.1080/13691058.2010.537770
  • Kamen, C., Burns, M., & Beach, S. H. (2011). Minority stress in same-sex male relationships: When does it impact relationship satisfaction? Journal of Homosexuality, 58(10), 1372–1390. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.614904
  • Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Griffin, J. L., & Krowinski, A. C. (2003). Stressors for gay men and lesbians: Life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(6), 716–729. doi:10.1521/jscp.22.6.716.22932
  • Logie, C. H., Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., & Shunmugam, M. (2012). Adapting the minority stress model: Associations between gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma and depression among men who have sex with men in South India. Social Science and Medicine, 74(8), 1261–1268. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.008
  • Mastro, D. E. (2003). A social identity approach to understanding the impact of television messages. Communication Monographs, 70(2), 98–113.
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
  • Miner, M. H., Bockting, W. O., Romine, R. S., & Raman, S. (2012). Conducting Internet research with the transgender population: Reaching broad samples and collecting valid data. Social Science Computer Review, 30(2), 202–211.
  • Mizock, L., & Mueser, K. T. (2014). Employment, mental health, internalized stigma, and coping with transphobia among transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(2), 146–158. doi:10.1037/sgd0000029
  • Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2008). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 13–22.
  • Nemoto, T., Operario, D., Keatley, J., & Villegas, D. (2004). Social context of HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders of colour. AIDS Care, 16(6), 724–735. doi:10.1080/09540120413331269567
  • Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2014). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
  • Perez-Brumer, A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Oldenburg, C. E., & Bockting, W. (2015). Individual- and structural-level risk factors for suicide attempts among transgender adults. Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), 164–171. doi:10.1080/08964289.2015.1028322
  • Peterson, T. L., & Gerrity, D. A. (2006). Internalized homophobia, lesbian identity development and self-esteem in undergraduate women. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(4), 49–75.
  • Pyke, K., & Dang, T. (2003). “FOB” and “whitewashed”: Identity and internalized racism among second generation Asian Americans. Qualitative Sociology, 26(2), 147–172.
  • Reisner, S. L., Perkovich, B., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2010). Mixed methods study of the sexual health needs of New England transmen who have sex with nontransgender men. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24(8), 501–513. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0059
  • Reyes, M. S., Alcantara, A. E., Reyes, A. C., Yulo, P. L., & Santos, C. P. (2016). Exploring the link between internalized stigma and self-concept clarity among Filipino transgenders. North American Journal of Psychology, 18(2), 335–344.
  • Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Bochicchio, V., Valerio, P., & Frost, D. M. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the Transgender Identity Survey in an Italian sample: A measure to assess positive and negative feelings towards transgender identity. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 53–65.
  • Singh, A. A., Hays, D. G., & Watson, L. S. (2011). Strength in the face of adversity: Resilience strategies of transgender individuals. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89(1), 20–27. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00057.x
  • Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 65–77. doi:10.1037/sgd0000081
  • Testa, R. J., Sciacca, L. M., Wang, F., Hendricks, M. L., Goldblum, P., Bradford, J., & Bongar, B. (2012). Effects of violence on transgender people. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 452–459.
  • Ward, E. G. (2005). Homophobia, hypermasculinity and the US black church. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 7(5), 493–504.
  • Williamson, I. R. (2000). Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health Education Research, 15(1), 97–107.
  • Yee, A. H. (1992). Asians as stereotypes and students: Misperceptions that persist. Educational Psychology Review, 4(1), 95–13.
  • Zimmerman, R. S., Benotsch, E. G., Shoemaker, S., Snipes, D. J., Cathers, L., Perrin, P. B., & Heck, T. (2015). Mediational models linking psychosocial context, mental health problems, substance use, and HIV risk behaviors in transgender women. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 3(1), 379–390.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.