The Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS): Development and validation of a scale to measure outcomes from transgender health services

References

• Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H. F. A., Spegg, C., … Zucker, K. J. (2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic‐referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 756–763. doi:10.1111/jsm.12817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarenga, M. S., Scagliusi, F. B., & Philippi, S. T. (2010). Development and validity of the disordered eating attitude scale (DEAS). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110, 379–395. doi:10.2466/PMS.110.2.379-395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Appelt, H., & Strauß, B. (1988). Psychoendokrinologische Gynäkologie: Ergebnisse und Perspektiven. [ Psycho-endocrinological Gynaecology: results and prospects]. Stuttgart: Enke.
   Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., & Bouman, W. P. (2015). Current and future direction of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence research. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 2226–2228. doi:10.1111/jsm.13065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., & Bouman, W. P. (2017). Language and terminology. In W. P. Bouman & J. Arcelus (Eds.), The transgender handbook – A guide for transgender people, their families and professionals (pp. 1–12). New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, I., Nieder, T. O., Cerwenka, S., Briken, P., Kreukels, B. P., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., … Richter-Appelt, H. (2016). Body image in young gender dysphoric adults: A European multi-center study. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 45, 559–574. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0527-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beek, T. F., Kreukels, B. P. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Steensma, T. D. (2015). Partial gender request and underlying motives of applicants for gender affirming interventions. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 2201–2205. doi:10.1111/jsm.13033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman, W. P., Claes, L., Brewin, N., Crawford, J. R., Millet, N., Fernandez-Aranda, F., … Arcelus, J. (2017). Transgender and anxiety: A comparative study between transgender people and the general population. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 16–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman, W. P., Davey, A., Meyer, C., Witcomb, G. L., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Predictors of psychological well-being among trans individuals. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 31(3), 357–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman, W. P., & Richards, C. (2013). Diagnostic and treatment issues for people with gender dysphoria in the United Kingdom. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 28, 165–171. doi:10.1080/14681994.2013.819222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouman, W. P., Suess Schwend, A., Motmans, J., Smiley, A., Safer, J. D., Deutch, M. B., … Winter, S. (2017). Language and transgender health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 1–6. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1262127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree-test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, B. A., Veale, J. F., Townsend, M., Frohard-Dourlent, H., & Saewyc, E. (2018). Non-binary youth: Access to gender-affirming primary health care. International Journal of Transgenderism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1394954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (1997). Sex reassignment of adolescent transsexuals: A follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 263–271. doi:10.1097/00004583-199702000-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., … Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 165–232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873
   Google Scholar
• Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, M. G. R., & Gordon, M. (2013). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2.0 to make more judicious estimations. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(8), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., Doll, H., Fitzpatrick, R., Jenkinson, C., & Carr, A. J. (2010). The routine use of patient reported outcome measures in healthcare settings. British Medical Journal, 340, c186. doi:10.1136/bmj.c186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, A. L. C., Kreukels, B. P. C., T'Sjoen, G., Ålgars, M., & Mattila, A. (2015). Increase of referrals to gender identity clinics: A European trend? In Transgender healthcare in Europe. Book of Abstracts (pp. 10). Ghent, Belgium: European Professional Association of Transgender Health (EPATH). Retrieved from http://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/EPATH-2015-Book-of-Abstracts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dhejne, C., Van Vlerken, R., Heylens, G., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 28, 44–57. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1115753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehr, P., Chen, L., Patrick, D., Feng, Z., & Yasui, Y. (2005). Reliability, effect size, and responsiveness of health status measures in the design of randomized and cluster-randomized trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 26, 45–58. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2004.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral Sciences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (Third edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Garner, D. M. (1991). Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Research, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, A. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattie, J., & Cooksey, R. W. (1984). Procedures for assessing the validities of tests using the “known-groups” method. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8, 295–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Research Authority (HRA). (2013). Guidance for NHS Research Studies. London: Health Research Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Heylens, G., Verroken, C., De Cock, S., T'Sjoen, G., & De Cuypere, G. (2014). Effects of different steps in gender reassignment therapy on psychopathology: A prospective study of persons with a gender identity disorder. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 119–126. doi:10.1111/jsm.12363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitioning. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18, 227–238. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1293581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. A., Haycraft, E., Murjan, S., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 28, 81–94. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1089217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., & Bauerband, L. A. (2012). Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36, 179–196. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauver, D. R., Ward, S. E., Heidrich, S. M., Keller, M. L., Bowers, B. J., Brennan, P. F., … Wells, T. J. (2002). Patient‐centered interventions. Research in Nursing & Health, 25, 246–255. doi:10.1002/nur.10044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinkovic, M., & Newfield, R. S. (2017). Chest reconstructive surgeries in transmasculine youth: Experience from one pediatric center. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), 376–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, E., Claes, L., Bouman, W. P., Witcomb, G. L., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality in trans people: A systematic review of the literature. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 58–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murad, M. H., Elamin, M. B., Garcia, M. Z., Mullan, R. J., Murad, A., Erwin, P. J., & Montori, V. M. (2010). Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes. Clinical Endocrinology, 72, 214–231. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03625.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Measuring DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 137–143. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., & Barker, M-J. (2017). Genderqueer and non-binary genders. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T'Sjoen, G. (2016). Non-binary or genderqueer genders. International Review of Psychiatry, 28, 95–102. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimes, K. A., Goodship, N., Ussher, G, Baker, D., & West, E. (2017). Non-binary and binary transgender youth: Comparison of mental health, self-harm, suicidality, substance use, and victimization experiences. International Journal of Transgenderism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1370627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolstad, S., Adler, J., & Rydén, A. (2011). Response burden and questionnaire length: Is shorter better? A review and meta-analysis. Value in Health, 14, 1101–1108. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruscio, J., & Roche, B. (2012). Determining the number of factors to retain in an exploratory factor analysis using comparison data of known factorial structure. Psychological Assessment, 24, 282–292. doi:10.1037/a0025697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, V. R., Calabrese, S. K., Rima, B. N., & Zucker, A. N. (2010). Genital appearance dissatisfaction: Implications for women's genital image self-consciousness, sexual esteem, sexual satisfaction, and sexual risk. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 394–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scottish Trans Alliance. (2015). Non-binary people's experiences in the UK. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Trans Alliance.
   Google Scholar
• Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research, 13, 299–310. doi:10.1023/0000018486.91360.00
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. F., Watson, M. E., Jackson, J. D., Cella, D., Halyard, M. Y., & Mayo/FDA Patient-Reported Outcomes Consensus Meeting Group. (2007). Patient-reported outcome instrument selection: Designing a measurement strategy. Value in Health, 10, S76–S85. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00270.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. P. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (4th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Thorne, N., Witcomb, G. L., Nieder, T. O., Nixon, E., & Arcelus, J. (2018). A comparison of mental health symptomatology and levels of social support in young treatment seeking transgender individuals who identify as binary and non-binary. International Journal of Transgenderism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1452660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T'Sjoen, G., Motmans, J., Arcelus, J., & Bouman, W. P. (2017). The need of patient involvement in transgender healthcare research. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(12), 1494–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. R., Quittner, A. L., Parasuraman, B. M., Kallich, J. D., Cleeland, C. S., & Mayo/FDA Patient-Reported Outcomes Consensus Meeting Group. (2007). Patient-reported outcomes: Instrument development and selection issues. Value in Health, 10, S86–S93. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00271.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Trans Info. (2016). Current waiting times and patient population for gender identity services in the UK. Retrieved from https://uktrans.info/waitingtimes
   Google Scholar
• van de Grift, T. C., Elaut, E., Cerwenka, S. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Kreukels, B. P. C. (2018). Surgical satisfaction, quality of life, and their association after gender-affirming surgery: A follow-up study. Journal of Sexual and Marital Therapy, 44(2), 138–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Grift, T. C., Kreukels, B. P. C., Elfering, L., Özer, M., Bouman, M. -B., Buncamper, M. E., … Mullender, M. G. (2016). Body image in transmen: Multidimensional measurement and the effects of mastectomy. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13, 1778–1786. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. C., Smalley, K. B., & Barefoot, K. N. (2016). Psychological well-being among transgender and genderqueer individuals. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17 (3–4), 114–123. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1216344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witcomb, G. L., Bouman, W. P., Claes, L., Brewin, N., Crawford, J., & Arcelus, J. (2018). Levels of depression in transgender people and its predictors: Results of a large matched control study with transgender people accessing clinical services. Journal of Affective Disorders. Advanced online publication. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woertman, L., & van den Brink, F. (2012). Body image and female sexual functioning and behavior: A review. Journal of Sex Research, 49, 184–211. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.658586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylie, K., Barrett, J., Besser, M., Bouman, W. P., Bridgman, M., Clayton, A., … Ward, D. (2014). Good practice guidelines for the assessment and treatment of adults with Gender Dysphoria. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 29, 154–214. doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.883353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar