References
- Adams, N., Pearce, R., Veale, J., Radix, A., Castro, D., Sarkar, A., & Thom, K. C. (2017). Guidance and ethical considerations for undertaking transgender health research and institutional review boards adjudicating this research. Transgender Health, 2(1), 165–175. doi: 10.1089/trgh.2017.0012
- American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU]. (2014). Prison rape elimination act (PREA) toolkit: End the abuse-protecting LGBTI prisoners from sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/012714-prea-combined.pdf
- Anthony, T. (2017). FactCheck Q&A: Are indigenous Australians the most incarerated people on Earth? The Conversation. Retrieved https://theconversation.com/factcheck-qanda-are-indigenous-australians-the-most-incarcerated-people-on-earth-78528
- Apa, Z. L., Bai, R. Y., Mukherejee, D. V., Herzig, C. T. A., Koenigsmann, C., Lowy, F. D., & Larson, E. L. (2012). Challenges and strategies for research in prisons. Public Health Nursing, 29(5), 467–472. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2012.01027.x
- Atabay, T. (2009). Handbook on prisoners with special needs. Vienna: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). The health of Australia’s prisoners 2018. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/2e92f007-453d-48a1-9c6b-4c9531cf0371/aihw-phe-246.pdf.aspx?inline=true
- Bartholomaeus, C., & Riggs, D. W. (2017). Whole-of-school approaches to supporting transgender students, staff, and parents. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), 361–366. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2017.1355648
- Beard, J. (2018). Transgender prisoners. Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7420
- Blight, J. (2000). Transgender inmates: Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice (168). Retrieved from http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi168.pdf
- Bonczar, T. P. (2003). Prevalence of imprisonment in the US population, 1974-2001. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs
- Bouman, W. P., Schwend, A. S., Motmans, J., Smiley, A., Safer, J. D., Deutsch, M. B., … Winter, S. (2017). Language and trans health. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 1–6. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1262127
- Brömdal, A., Mullens, A. B., Phillips, T. M., Gildersleeve, J., Du Plessis, C., Debattista, J., … Gow, J. (2019a). The lived experiences of formerly incarcerated transgender people in Australia. Unpublished manuscript.
- Brömdal, A., Mullens, A. B., Phillips, T. M., & Gow, J. (2019b). Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: A systematic review. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(1), 4–20. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838
- Brown, G. R. (2010). Autocastration and autopenectomy as surgical self-treatment in incarcerated persons with gender identity disorder. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(1), 31–39. doi: 10.1080/15532731003688970
- Brown, G. R. (2014). Qualitative analysis of transgender inmates’ correspondence: Implications for departments of. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 20(4), 334–342. doi: 10.1177/1078345814541533
- Butler, T., Richters, J., Yap, L., Papanastasiou, C., Richards, A., Schneider, K., … Donovan, B. (2010). Sexual health and behaviour of Queensland prisoners: With Queensland and New South Wales comparisons. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237843221_Sexual_health_and_behaviour_of_Queensland_prisoners_With_Queensland_and_New_South_Wales_comparisons
- Carroll, A., & Mendos, L. R. (2017). State sponsored homophobia 2017: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: Criminalisation, protection and recognition. Retrieved from https://www.ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf
- Castagnoli, C. (2010). Transgender persons’ rights in the EU member states. Brussels: European, Parliament, Directorate-General For Internal Policies, Policy Department Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2010/425621/IPOL-LIBE_NT(2010)425621_EN.pdf
- Chiam, Z., Duffy, S., & Gil, M. G. (2016). Trans legal mapping report: Recognition before the law. Geneva: ILGA.
- Clark, K. A., White Hughto, J. M., & Pachankis, J. E. (2017). What’s the right thing to do?” Correctional healthcare providers’ knowledge, attitudes and experiences caring for transgender inmates. Social Science & Medicine, 193, 80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.052
- Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., … Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2011.700873
- Dolovich, S. (2011). Strategic segregation in the modern prison. American Criminal Law Review, 48(1), 1–110.
- Edney, R. (2004). To keep me safe from harm-transgender prisoners and the experience of imprisonment. Deakin Law Review, 9(2), 328–338. doi: 10.21153/dlr2004vol9no2art247
- Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea, G., & Udesen, C. (Eds.). (2014). Prisons and health. Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
- Erni, J. N. (2013). Legitimating transphobia: The legal disavowal of transgender rights in prison. Cultural Studies, 27(1), 136–159. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2012.722305
- Garofalo, R., Deleon, J., Osmer, E., Doll, M., & Harper, G. W. (2006). Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 230–236. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023
- Gatherer, A., Atabay, T., & Hariga, F. (2014). Prisoners with special needs. In S. Enggist, L. Møller, G. Galea, & C. Udesen (Eds.), Prisons and health (pp. 151–158). Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
- Glaze, L. E., & Kaeble, D. (2014). Correctional populations in the United States, 2013. Retrieved from https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus13.pdf
- Glezer, A., McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (2013). Transgendered and incarcerated: A review of the literature, current policies and laws, and ethics. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 41(4), 551.
- Gorden, C., Hughes, C., Roberts, D., Astbury-Ward, E., & Dubberley, S. (2017). A literature review of transgender people in prison: An ‘invisible’ population in England and Wales. Prison Service Journal, 233, 11–22.
- Grant, J. M., Mottet, L., Tanis, J. E., Harrison, J., Herman, J., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
- Hagner, D. (2010). Fighting for our lives: The D.C. trans coalition's campaign for humane treatment of transgender inmates in District of Columbia correctional facilities. Georgetown Journal of Gender & the Law, 11(3), 837–867.
- Holman, C. W., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006). Social and medical transgender case advocacy. International Journal of Transgenderism, 9(3-4), 197–217. doi: 10.1300/J485v09n03_09
- Human Rights Campaign. (2019). House judiciary committee right to advance VAWA without anti-transgender amendment. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/press/hrc-house-judiciary-committee-right-to-advance-vawa
- Human Rights Council (2017). Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (A/HRC/35/36). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/SexualOrientation/A_HRC_35_36.docx
- International Bar Association LGBTI Law Committee. (2015). Mr & Ms X: The rights of transgender persons globally (research digest). Retrieved from https://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=17DF4B83-2209-4EF8-BBF7-9C8C163AF15E
- International Commission of Jurists. (2007). Yogakarta Principles - Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved from http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/principles_en.pdf
- Jaffer, M., Ayad, J., Tungol, J. G., Macdonald, R., Dickey, N., & Venters, H. (2016). Improving transgender healthcare in the New York City correctional system. LGBT Health, 3(2), 116–121. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0050
- James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
- Jenness, V., & Fenstermaker, S. (2016). Forty years after Brownmiller: Prisons for men, transgender inmates, and the rape of the feminine. Gender & Society, 30(1), 14–29. doi: 10.1177/0891243215611856
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS]. (2014). Services for people in prisons and other closed settings. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2014_guidance_servicesprisonsettings_en.pdf
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS]. (2015). UNAIDS terminology guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2015/2015_terminology_guidelines
- Lamble, S. (2012). Rethinking gendered prison policies: Impacts on transgender prisoners. ECAN Bulletin, 16, 7–12.
- Lara, A. (2010). Forced integration of gay, bisexual and transgendered inmates in California state prisons: From protected minority to exposed victims. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 19(3), 589–614.
- Lobel, J. (2008). Prolonged solitary confinement and the constitution. Journal of Constitutional Law, 11(1), 115–138.
- Longo, C. (2017). Justice and community safety policy brief: Transgender rights in public prisons. Retrieved from https://www.siena.edu/files/resources/transgender-rights-in-public-prisons.pdf
- Lydon, J., Carrington, K., Low, H., Miller, R., & Yazdy, M. (2015). Coming out of concrete closets: A report on black & pink’s national LGBTQ prisoner survey. Retrieved from http://www.blackandpink.org/wp-content/upLoads/Coming-Out-of-Concrete-Closets.-Black-and-Pink.-October-21-2015.pdf
- Lynch, S., & Bartels, L. (2017). Transgender prisoners in Australia: An examination of the issues, law and policy. Flinders Law Journal, 19(2), 185–231.
- Malkin, M. L., & DeJong, C. (2018). Protections for transgender inmates under PREA: A comparison of state correctional policies in the United States. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. doi: 10.1007/s13178-018-0354-9
- Mann, R. (2006). The treatment of transgender prisoners, not just an American Problem. A comparative analysis of American, Australian, and Canadian prison policies concerning the treatment of transgender prisoners and universal recommendation to improve treatment. Law Sexuality: Review of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Legal Issues, 15, 91–134.
- Markshamer, J., & Tobin, H. J. (2014). Standing with LGBT prisoners: An advocate's guide to ending abuse and combating imprisonment. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/JailPrisons_Resource_FINAL.pdf
- Ministry of Justice, National Offender Management Service, HM Prison Service, & Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service. (2017). Prison population figures: Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/665904/prison-pop-november-2017.rtf
- Mintz, J. E. (2013). Treatment of transgender inmates—The double punishment. Law School Student Scholarship, 271, 1–31.
- Mullens, A. B., Brömdal, A., Debattista, J., Daken, K., Phillip, T., & Gow, J. (2019). Navigating the methodological and ethical landmines of transgender research in incarceration settings. Unpublished manuscript.
- National Center for Transgender Equality. (2012). LGBT people and the prison rape elimination act. Retrieved from http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/PREA_July2012.pdf
- National Center for Transgender Equality. (2018a). LGBTQ people behind bars: A guide to understand the issues facing transgender prisoners and their legal rights. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/TransgenderPeopleBehindBars.pdf
- National Center for Transgender Equality. (2018b). Ending abuse of transgender prisoners: A guide to winning policy change in jails and prisons. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/EndingAbuseofTransgenderPrisoners.pdf
- Nemoto, T., Bödeker, B., & Iwamoto, M. (2011). Social support, exposure to violence and transphobia, and correlates of depression among male-to-female transgender women with a history of sex work. American Journal of Public Health, 101(10), 1980–1988. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.197285
- Newcomen, N. (2017). Learning lessons bulletin: Transgender prisoners. Retrieved from https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/ppo-dev-storage-4dvljl6iqfyh/uploads/2017/01/PPO-Learning-Lessons-Bulletin_Transgender-prisoners_Final_WEB_Jan-17.pdf
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2007). Selected decisions of the committee against torture: Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In Eleventh to thirty-eighth sessions (November 1993 - May 2007) (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- Oparah, J. C. (2012). Feminism and the (trans)gender entrapment of gender nonconforming prisoners. UCLA Women's Law Journal, 18(2), 239–271.
- Peek, C. (2004). Breaking out of the prison hierarchy: Transgender prisoners, rape, and the eighth amendment. Santa Clara Law Review, 44, 1211–1248.
- Perkins, R. (1991). Transsexuals in prison. Journal of Social Justice Studies, 4, 97–100.
- Phillips, T., Brömdal, A., Mullens, A., Gildersleeve, J., Gow, J. (In Press). We don't recognise transexuals…and we're not going to treat you”: Cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons. In M. K., Harmes, M. A., Harmes, & B. Harmes (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of incarceration across popular media. London: Palgrave Macmillan. In Press.
- Poole, L., Whittle, S., & Stephens, P. (2002). Working with transgendered and transsexual people as offenders in the probation service. Probation Journal, 49(3), 227–232. doi: 10.1177/026455050204900306
- Quinn, D. M., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2013). Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(1), 40–51. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12005
- Reisner, S. L., Bailey, Z., & Sevelius, J. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in history of incarceration, experiences of victimization, and associated health indicators among transgender women in the US. Women & Health, 54(8), 750–767. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2014.932891
- Reiter, K. (2014). Making windows in walls: Strategies for prison research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(4), 417–428. doi: 10.1177/1077800413515831
- Richters, J., Butler, T., Yap, L., Kirkwood, K., Grant, L., Smith, A., … Donovan, B. (2008). Sexual health and behaviour of New South Wales prisoners. Retrieved from https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/sphcm/Research/Sexual_Health_NSW_Prisoners.pdf
- Rosenberg, R., & Oswin, N. (2015). Trans embodiment in carceral space: Hypermasculinity and the US prison industrial complex. Gender Place and Culture, 22(9), 1269–1286. doi: 10.1080/0966369X.2014.969685
- Routh, D., Abess, G., Makin, D., Stohr, M. K., Hemmens, C., & Yoo, J. (2017). Transgender inmates in prisons: A review. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(6), 645–666. doi: 10.1177/0306624X15603745
- Schlosser, J. A. (2008). Issues in interviewing inmates: Navigating the methodological landmines of prison research. Qualitative Inquiry, 14(8), 1500–1525. doi: 10.1177/1077800408318325
- Scott, S. (2013). One is not born, but becomes a woman”: A fourteenth amendment argument in support of housing male-to-female transgender inmates in female facilities. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 15(4), 1259–1297. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/upjcl15&i=1279
- Scottish Prison Service [SPS]. (2019). SPS prison population. Retrieved from http://www.sps.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.aspx?lID=4265&sID=629
- Sevelius, J., & Jenness, V. (2017). Challenges and opportunities for gender-affirming healthcare for transgender women in prison. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 13(1), 32–40. doi: 10.1108/IJPH-08-2016-0046
- Shalev, S. (2014). Solitary confinement as a prison health issue. In S. Enggist, L. Møhller, G. Galea, & C. Udesen (Eds.), Prisons and health (pp. 27–35). Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
- Sumner, J., & Sexton, L. (2015). Lost in translation: Looking for transgender identity in women’s prisons and locating aggressors in prisoner culture. Critical Criminology, 23(1), 1–20. doi: 10.1007/s10612-014-9243-6
- Sumner, J., & Sexton, L. (2016). Same difference: The 'dilemma of difference' and the incarceration of transgender prisoners. Law & Social Inquiry, 41(3), 616–642. doi: 10.1111/lsi.12193
- Tarzwell, S. (2006). The gender liens are marked with razor wire: Addressing state prison policies and practices for the management of transgender prisoners. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 38(167), 167–219.
- Taylor, P. (2018). Scots prisons to consult on changes to transgender policy. Retrieved from https://theferret.scot/change-in-policy-on-transgender-people-in-prison/
- The Marshall Project (2015). “Inmate. Prisoner. Other. Discussed.” What to call incarcerated people: Your feedback. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/04/03/inmate-prisoner-other-discussed
- Transgender Europe. (2017). Trans rights Europe map & index 2017. Retrieved from https://tgeu.org/trans-rights-map-2017/
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2015). The United Nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners (the Nelson Mandela rules). Vienna: Unodc.
- US Department of Justice. (2012). National standards to prevent, detect, and respond to prison rape: Final rule. Retrieved from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2012-06-20/pdf/2012-12427.pdf.
- von Dresner, K. S., Underwood, L. A., Suarez, E., & Franklin, T. (2013). Providing counseling for transgendered inmates: A survey of correctional services. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 7(4), 38.
- Watson, T. M., & van der Meulen, E. (2018). Research in carceral contexts: Confronting access barriers and engaging former prisoners. Qualitative Research, 19(2), 182–198. doi: 10.1177/1468794117753353
- White Hughto, J. M., Clark, K. A., Altice, F. L., Reisner, S. L., Kershaw, T. S., & Pachankis, J. E. (2018). Creating, reinforcing, and resisting the gender binary: A qualitative study of transgender women’s healthcare experiences in sex-segregated jails and prisons. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 14(2), 69–88. doi: 10.1108/IJPH-02-2017-0011
- Wilson, M., Simpson, P. L., Butler, T. G., Yap, L., Richters, J., & Donovan, B. (2017). You’re a woman, a convenience, a cat, a poof, a thing, an idiot’: Transgender women negotiating sexual experiences in men’s prisons in Australia. Sexualities, 20(3), 380–402. doi: 10.1177/1363460716652828
- Wolff, K. B., & Cokely, C. L. (2007). To protect and to serve?”: An exploration of police conduct in relation to the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender community. Sexuality and Culture, 11(2), 1–23. doi: 10.1007/s12119-007-9000-z
- World Health Organization. (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1 Geneva). Paper presented at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, November 21, 1986.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations–2016 update. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246200/1/9789241511124-eng.pdf
- Yap, L., Richters, J., Butler, T., Schneider, K., Grant, L., & Donovan, B. (2011). The decline in sexual assaults in men’s prisons in New South Wales: A “systems” approach. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(15), 3157–3181. doi: 10.1177/0886260510390961