2,324
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Effects of norms among those with moral conviction: Counter‐conformity emerges on intentions but not behaviors

, &
Pages 244-268 | Received 05 Sep 2006, Accepted 24 May 2007, Published online: 13 Nov 2007

REFERENCES

  • Abrams , D. , Wetherell , M. S. , Cochrane , S. , Hogg , M. A. and Turner , J. C. 1990 . Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self‐categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity, and group polarization. . British Journal of Social Psychology , 29 : 97 – 119 .
  • Aiken , L. S. and West , S. G. 1991 . Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Asch , S. E. 1952 . “ Effects of group pressures upon the modification and distortion of judgments. ” . In Readings in social psychology , Edited by: Swanson , G. E , Newcomb , T. M and Hartley , E. L . 393 – 401 . New York : Holt, Reinhart & Winston .
  • Asch , S. E. 1956 . Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. . Psychological monographs: General and Applied , 70 : 1 – 70 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. 1991 . Meanings of life , New York : Guilford Press .
  • Codol , J‐P. 1984 . “ Social differentiation and non‐differentiation. ” . In The social dimension: European developments in social psychology , Edited by: Tajfel , H . Vol. 1 , 314 – 337 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Crutchfield , R. 1955 . Conformity and character. . American Psychologist , 10 : 191 – 198 .
  • DeFleur , M. L. and Westie , F. R. 1958 . Verbal attitudes and overt acts: An experiment on the salience of attitudes. . American Sociological Review , 23 : 667 – 673 .
  • Deutsch , M. and Gerard , H. 1955 . A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 51 : 629 – 636 .
  • Festinger , L. 1950 . Informal social communication. . Psychological Review , 63 : 181 – 194 .
  • Folger , R. 1977 . Distributive and procedural justice: Combined impact of voice and improvement on experienced inequity. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 35 : 108 – 119 .
  • Frideres , J. S. , Warner , L. G. and Albrecht , S. L. 1971 . The impact of social constraints on the relationship between attitudes and behavior. . Social Forces , 50 : 102 – 112 .
  • Glynn , C. J. , Hayes , A. F. and Shanahan , J. 1997 . Perceived support for one's opinions and willingness to speak out: A meta‐analysis of survey studies on the “spiral of silence”. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 452 – 463 .
  • Haidt , J. 2001 . The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. . Psychological Review , 108 : 814 – 834 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. , Blackwood , L. , Louis , W. , Fielding , K. , Mavor , K. Morton , T. 2006a . Why do people engage in collective action? Revisiting the role of perceived effectiveness. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 36 : 1702 – 1722 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. and Jetten , J. 2004 . The individual within the group: Balancing the need to belong with the need to be different. . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 8 : 248 – 264 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. and Jetten , J. 2005 . Loyalty without conformity: Tailoring self‐perception as a means of balancing belonging and differentiation. . Self and Identity , 4 : 81 – 95 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. , Jetten , J. , McAuliffe , B. J. and Hogg , M. A. 2006b . The impact of individualist and collectivist group norms on evaluations of dissenting group members. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 42 : 57 – 68 .
  • Hornsey , M. J. , Majkut , L. , Terry , D. J. and McKimmie , B. M. 2003 . On being loud and proud: Non‐conformity and counter‐conformity to group norms. . British Journal of Social Psychology , 42 : 319 – 335 .
  • Insko , C. , Drenan , S. , Solomon , M. R. , Smith , R. and Wade , T. J. 1983 . Conformity as a function of the consistency of positive self‐evaluation with being liked and being right. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 19 : 341 – 358 .
  • Jahoda , M. 1959 . Conformity and independence. . Human Relations , 12 : 99 – 120 .
  • Jetten , J. , Hornsey , M. J. and Adarves‐Yorno , I. 2006 . When group members admit to being conformist: The role of relative intragroup status in conformity self‐reports. . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 162 – 173 .
  • Kennamer , J. D. 1990 . Self‐serving biases in perceiving the opinions of others: Implications for the spiral of silence. . Communication Research , 17 : 393 – 404 .
  • Kim , H. and Markus , H. R. 1999 . Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 785 – 800 .
  • Lind , E. A. , Kanfer , R. and Earley , P. C. 1990 . Voice, control, and procedural justice: Instrumental and non‐instrumental concerns in fairness judgments. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 952 – 959 .
  • MacDonald , G. , Nail , P. R. and Levy , D. A. 2004 . Expanding the scope of the social response context model. . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 26 : 77 – 92 .
  • Manstead , A. S. R. 2000 . “ The role of moral norm in the attitude–behavior relation. ” . In Attitudes, behavior, and social context , Edited by: Terry , D. J and Hogg , M. A . 11 – 30 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Martin , R. , Martin , P. Y. , Smith , J. R. and Hewstone , M. 2007 . Majority versus minority influence and prediction of behavioral intentions and behavior. . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 43 : 763 – 771 .
  • McAuliffe , B. J. , Jetten , J. , Hornsey , M. J. and Hogg , M. A. 2003 . Individualist and collectivist group norms: When it's OK to go your own way. . European Journal of Social Psychology , 33 : 57 – 70 .
  • Moscovici , S. 1976 . Social influence and social change , London, , UK : Academic Press .
  • Nail , P. R. , MacDonald , G. and Levy , D. A. 2000 . Proposal of a four‐dimensional model of social response. . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 454 – 470 .
  • Noelle‐Neumann , E. 1974 . The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion. . Journal of Communication , 24 : 43 – 51 .
  • Noelle‐Neumann , E. 1993 . Spiral of silence: Public opinion – our social skin , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . (2nd ed.)
  • Pratkanis , A. R. and Greenwald , A. G. 1989 . “ A sociocognitive model of attitude structure and function. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 22 , Edited by: Berkowitz , L . 245 – 285 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Salmon , C. T. and Neuwirth , K. 1990 . Perceptions of opinion “climates” and willingness to discuss the issue of abortion. . Journalism Quarterly , 67 : 567 – 577 .
  • Scheufele , D. A. , Shanahan , J. and Lee , E. 2001 . Manipulating the dependent variable in spiral of silence research. . Communication Research , 28 : 304 – 324 .
  • Shamir , J. 1997 . Speaking up and silencing out in face of a changing climate of opinion. . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 74 : 602 – 614 .
  • Sheeran , P. 2002 . Intention–behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. . European Review of Social Psychology , 12 : 1 – 36 .
  • Sherif , M. 1936 . The psychology of social norms , New York : Harper & Bros .
  • Sherif , M. and Cantril , H. 1947 . The psychology of ego‐involvements, social attitudes and identifications , New York : Wiley .
  • Sherif , M. and Hovland , C. I. 1961 . Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Skitka , L. J. , Bauman , C. W. and Sargis , E. G. 2005 . Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 895 – 917 .
  • Smith , J. R. , Hogg , M. A. , Martin , R. and Terry , D. J. in press . Uncertainty and the influence of group norms in the attitude–behaviour relationship. . British Journal of Social Psychology ,
  • Tice , D. M. 1992 . Self‐concept change and self‐presentation: The looking glass self is also a magnifying glass. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 435 – 451 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.