Sexual Orientation Microaggressions: Processes and Coping Mechanisms for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals

REFERENCES

• Almeida , J. , Johnson , R. M. , Corliss , H. L. , Molnar , B. E. and Azrael , D. 2009 . Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation . Journal of Youth Adolescence , 38 : 1001 – 1014 . doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Mental Health Counseling Association . 2010 . Code of ethics of the American Mental Health Counselors Association, 2010 revision Retrieved from https://www.amhca.org/assets/news/AMHCA_Code_of_Ethics_2010_w_pagination_cxd_51110.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American School Counselor Association . 2007 . The professional school counselor and gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning youth [Position statement] Retrieved from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/files/PositionStatements.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Association of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling . 2009 . Competencies for counseling with transgender clients Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/ALGBTIC_Competencies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , S. K. , Selvidge , M. M. D. and Matthews , C. R. 2003 . Lesbian women of color: Therapeutic issues and challenges . Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development , 31 ( 2 ) : 113 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burn , S. M. , Kadlec , K. and Rexer , R. 2005 . Effects of subtle heterosexism on gays, lesbians, and bisexuals . Journal of Homosexuality , 49 ( 2 ) : 23 – 38 . doi:10.1300/J082v49n02_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capodilupo , C. M. , Nadal , K. L. , Corman , L. , Hamit , S. , Lyons , O. and Weinberg , A. 2010 . “ The manifestation of gender microaggressions ” . In Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact , Edited by: Sue , D. W. 193 – 216 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , C. S. 1989 . Issues of identity development among Asian-American lesbians and gay men . Journal of Counseling & Development , 68 ( 1 ) : 16 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. 2001 . Emerging issues in research on lesbians’ and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter? . American Psychologist , 56 : 932 – 947 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermer , S. B. , Smith , S. D. and Barto , K. K. 2010 . Identifying and correctly labeling sexual prejudice, discrimination, and oppression . Journal of Counseling & Development , 88 ( 3 ) : 325 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network . 2004 . The 2003 National School Climate Survey: The school related experiences of our nation's lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth , New York, NY : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Gonsiorek , J. C. 1988 . Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 9 ( 2 ) : 114 – 122 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodrich , K. M. and Luke , M. 2009 . LGBTQ responsive school counseling . Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling , 3 ( 2 ) : 113 – 127 . doi:10.1080/15538600903005284
   Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 2000 . The psychology of sexual prejudice . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 9 : 19 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice . 2007 . Journal of Social Issues , 63 ( 4 ) : 905 – 925 . doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. , Cogan , S. C. and Gillis , J. R. 2002 . Victim experiences of hate crimes based on sexual orientation . Journal of Social Issues , 58 : 319 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann , M. A. and Richter , B. 2006 . Legal and ethical implications of refusing to counsel homosexual clients . Journal of Counseling & Development , 84 ( 4 ) : 414 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , C. E. , Thompson , B. J. and Williams , E. N. 1997 . A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research . The Counseling Psychologist , 25 : 517 – 572 . doi:10.1177/0011000097254001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , D. B. and Willoughby , B. L. B. 2005 . The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale . Sex Roles , 53 ( 7/8 ) : 531 – 544 . doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7140-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh , H. F. and Shannon , S. E. 2005 . Three approaches to qualitative content analysis . Qualitative Health Research , 15 ( 9 ) : 1277 – 1288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel , T. and Selvidge , M. M. D. 2003 . Contributions of multicultural counseling to counselor competence with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients . Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development , 31 : 84 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , M. P. and Nadal , K. L. 2010 . “ Multiracial microaggressions: Exposing monoracism in everyday life and clinical practice ” . In Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact , Edited by: Sue , D. W. 123 – 144 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , R. M. and Galgay , C. E. 2010 . “ Microaggressions experienced by people with disabilities in US society ” . In Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact , Edited by: Sue , D. W. 241 – 268 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• LeBeau , R. T. and Jellison , W. A. 2009 . Why get involved? Exploring gay and bisexual men's experience of the gay community . Journal of Homosexuality , 56 ( 1 ) : 56 – 76 . doi:10.1080/00918360802551522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loiacano , D. K. 1989 . Gay identity issues among Black Americans: Racism, homophobia, and the need for validation . Journal of Counseling & Development , 68 ( 1 ) : 21 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe , S. M. and Mascher , J. 2001 . “ The role of sexual orientation in multicultural counseling: Integrating bodies of knowledge ” . In Handbook of multicultural counseling , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Ponterotto , J. G. , Casas , J. M. , Suzuki , L. and Alexander , C. M. 755 – 780 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 1995 . Minority stress and mental health in gay men . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 : 38 – 56 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 2003 . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 129 ( 5 ) : 674 – 697 . doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , M. A. and Morrison , T. G. 2003 . Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women . Journal of Homosexuality , 43 ( 2 ) : 15 – 37 . doi:10.1300/J082v43n02_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal , K. L. 2008 . Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability, and religious microaggressions: Recommendations for promoting positive mental health . Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice and Training , 2 ( 1 ) : 22 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadal , K. L. 2010 . “ Gender microaggressions and women: Implications for mental health ” . In Feminism and women's rights worldwide, Volume 2: Mental and physical health , Edited by: Paludi , M. A. 155 – 175 . Santa Barbara, CA : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Nadal , K. L. , Hamit , S. , Lyons , O. , Weinberg , A. and Corman , L. in press . “ Gender microaggressions: Perceptions, processes, and coping mechanisms of women ” . In Managing diversity in today's workplace , Edited by: Paludi , M. A. Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Nadal , K. L. , Rivera , D. P. and Corpus , M. J. 2010 . “ Sexual orientation and transgender microaggressions in everyday life: Experiences of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender individuals ” . In Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact , Edited by: Sue , D. W. 217 – 240 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Palma , T. V. and Stanley , J. L. 2002 . Effective counseling with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients . Journal of College Counseling , 5 : 74 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , C. , Carew , J. , Pierce-Gonzalez , D. and Willis , D. 1978 . “ An experiment in racism: TV commercials ” . In Television and education , Edited by: Pierce , C. 62 – 88 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , M. 1995 . The “salad bowl” is big enough for us all: An argument for the inclusion of lesbians and gay men in any definition of multiculturalism . Journal of Counseling & Development , 73 : 301 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera , D. P. , Forquer , E. E. and Rangel , R. 2010 . “ Microaggressions and the life experience of Latina/o Americans ” . In Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact , Edited by: Sue , D. W. 59 – 84 . New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. 2010 . Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation , New York, NY : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. , Arredondo , P. and McDavis , R. J. 1992 . Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession . Journal of Counseling & Development , 70 ( 4 ) : 477 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. , Bucceri , J. , Lin , A. I. , Nadal , K. L. and Torino , G. C. 2007 . Racial microaggressions and the Asian American experience . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 13 ( 1 ) : 72 – 81 . doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. and Capodilupo , C. M. 2008 . “ Racial, gender, and sexual orientation microaggressions: Implications for counseling and psychotherapy ” . In Counseling the culturally diverse , 5th ed. , Edited by: Sue , D. W. and Sue , D. 105 – 130 . New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. , Capodilupo , C. M. and Holder , A. M. B. 2008 . Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 39 ( 3 ) : 329 – 336 . doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. , Capodilupo , C. M. , Torino , G. C. , Bucceri , J. M. , Holder , A. M. B. , Nadal , K. L. and Esquilin , M. 2007 . Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice . American Psychologist , 62 ( 4 ) : 271 – 286 . doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. , Nadal , K. L. , Capodilupo , C. M. , Lin , A. I. , Torino , G. C. and Rivera , D. P. 2008 . Racial microaggressions against Black Americans: Implications for counseling . Journal of Counseling & Development , 86 : 330 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. M. 2005 . Heterosexism and sexism as correlates of psychological distress in lesbians . Journal of Counseling & Development , 83 : 355 – 360 . Retrieved from http://aca.metapress.com/link.asp?id=hr3h688w443qeath
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. M. , Chung , Y. B. and Balsam , K. F. 2001 . Psychosocial correlates of internalized homophobia in lesbians . Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 34 ( 1 ) : 27 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. M. and Meyer , D. 2008 . Racism and heterosexism as correlates of psychological distress in African American sexual minority women . Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling , 2 ( 2 ) : 94 – 108 . doi:10.1080/15538600802125423
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice—Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2009 . Hate crime statistics, 2008 Retrieved from http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2008/data/table_01.html
   Google Scholar
• Waldo , C. R. , Hesson-McInnis , M. S. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1998 . Antecedents and consequences of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young people: A structural model comparing rural university and urban samples . American Journal of Community Psychology , 26 ( 2 ) : 307 – 334 . doi:10.1023/A:1022184704174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls , N. E. 2008 . Toward a multidimensional understanding of heterosexism: The changing nature of prejudice . Journal of Homosexuality , 55 ( 1 ) : 20 – 70 . doi:10.1080/00918360802129287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , T. , Connolly , J. , Pepler , D. and Craig , W. 2005 . Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 34 ( 5 ) : 471 – 482 . doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar