Psychological Distress, Alcohol Misuse and Stigma to Seek Psychological Help in a Community Sample of Sexual Diverse Women of Color

References

• ALGBTIC LGBQIQA Competencies Taskforce. (2013). Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling competencies for counseling with lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, intersex, questioning, and ally individuals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 7, 2–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2013.755444
   Google Scholar
• Allen, G. K., Kim, B. S., Smith, T. B., & Hafoka, O. (2016). Counseling attitudes and stigma among Polynesian Americans. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(1), 6–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015618762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association Center for Workforce Studies. (2016). 2015 APA survey of psychology health service providers. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/workforce/publications/15-health-service-providers#:∼:text=The%202015%20APA%20Survey%20of,members%20accounted%20for%2025.1%20percent.&text=APA%20members%20were%20also%20more,%2Dmembers%20(35.8%20percent).
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al-Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H. R., Hu, C., Huang, Y., Hwang, I., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., … Kessler, R. C. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: Results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychological Medicine, 44(6), 1303–1317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (2001). The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary care. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Blayney, J. A., Dillworth, T., Zimmerman, L., & Kaysen, D. (2015). Racial/Ethnic differences in identity and mental health outcomes among young sexual minority women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrell, C., Artazcoz, L., Gil-González, D., Pérez, K., Pérez, G., Vives-Cases, C., & Rohlfs, I. (2011). Determinants of perceived sexism and their role on the association of sexism with mental health. Women & Health, 51(6), 583–603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2011.608416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristowe, K., Hodson, M., Wee, B., Almack, K., Johnson, K., Daveson, B. A., Koffman, J., McEnhill, L., & Harding, R. (2018). Recommendations to reduce inequalities for LGBT people facing advanced illness: ACCESS Care national qualitative interview study. Palliative Medicine, 32(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317705102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brondolo, E., Kelly, K. P., Coakley, V., Gordon, T., Thompson, S., Levy, E., Cassells, A., Tobin, J. N., Sweeney, M., & Contrada, R. J. (2005). The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation of a community version. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(2), 335–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02124.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese, S. K., Meyer, I. H., Overstreet, N. M., Haile, R., & Hansen, N. B. (2015). Exploring discrimination and mental health disparities faced by black sexual minority women using a minority stress framework. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314560730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A. (2016). The impact of discrimination on mental health symptomatology in sexual minority Latina immigrants. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 283–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000172
   Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A. (2020). Expanding the reach of Latinx psychology: Honoring the lived experiences of sexual and gender diverse Latinxs. Journal of Latinx Psychology, 8(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000144
   Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., & Ramirez, A. (2020). Perceived discrimination, alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related problems in sexual minority women of color. Journal of Social Service Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2019.1710657
   Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., Williams, C., Cummings, M., Ching, D., & Holmes, M. (2020). Minority stress and drinking: Connecting race, gender identity and sexual orientation. The Counseling Psychologist, 48(2), 277–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019887493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. Y., & Miller, M. J. (2014). AAPI college students' willingness to seek counseling: The role of culture, stigma, and attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, B. N., Peavy, K. M., & Robohm, J. S. (2007). Do specialized services exist for LGBT individuals seeking treatment for substance misuse? A study of available treatment programs. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(1), 161–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601094207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. The American Psychologist, 64(3), 170–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish, M. A., Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., & Wade, N. G. (2019). Evaluation of an online help seeking stigma-reduction intervention for military personnel. Stigma and Health, 4(4), 480–486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000167
   Google Scholar
• Crowe, A., Mullen, P. R., & Littlewood, K. (2018). Self‐stigma, mental health literacy, and health outcomes in integrated care. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DataUSA. (n.d.). Counselors. https://datausa.io/profile/soc/counselors#demographics
   Google Scholar
• DeBlaere, C., & Bertsch, K. N. (2013). Perceived sexist events and psychological distress of sexual minority women of color: The moderating role of womanism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312470436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dschaak, Z. A., & Juntunen, C. L. (2018). Stigma, substance use, and help-seeking attitudes among rural and urban individuals. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 42(3–4), 184–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000097
   Google Scholar
• Fortney, J., Mukherjee, S., Curran, G., Fortney, S., Han, X., & Booth, B. M. (2004). Factors associated with perceived stigma for alcohol use and treatment among at-risk drinkers. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 31(4), 418–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fripp, J. A., & Carlson, R. G. (2017). Exploring the influence of attitude and stigma on participation of African American and Latino populations in mental health services. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(2), 80–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015). Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), e60–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. (1st ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, P. J., Brenner, R. E., Lannin, D. G., & Vogel, D. L. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the relationship of perceived public and anticipated self-stigma of seeking help. Stigma and Health, 3(1), 65–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000072
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, T. (2011). Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among sexual minority women. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 29(4), 403–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2011.608336
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibañez, G. E., Van Oss Marin, B., Flores, S. A., Millett, G., & Diaz, R. M. (2012). General and gay-related racism experienced by Latino gay men. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 1(S), 66–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/2168-1678.1.S.66
   Google Scholar
• Israel, T., Choi, A. Y., Goodman, J. A., Matsuno, E., Lin, Y.-J., Kary, K. G., & Merrill, C. R. S. (2019). Reducing internalized binegativity: Development and efficacy of an online intervention. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000314
   Google Scholar
• James, S. A. (2017). The strangest of all encounters: Racial and ethnic discrimination in US health care. Cadernos de Saudé Pública, 33(Suppl 1), e00104416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00104416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, B., Mendoza, H., & Masuda, A. (2019). Mental health help-seeking experience and attitudes in Latina/o American, Asian American, Black American, and White American college students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 41(4), 492–508. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9365-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2012). Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women at heightened risk for [corrected] health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), e9–e15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J. E., & Zane, N. (2016). Help-seeking intentions among Asian American and White American students in psychological distress: Application of the health belief model. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, D., Rivera, D., Gonzales, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2020). Medical mistrust and the PrEP cascade among Latino sexual minority men. AIDS and Behavior, 24(12), 3456–3461. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02916-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannin, D. G., Guyll, M., Vogel, D. L., & Madon, S. (2013). Reducing the stigma associated with seeking psychotherapy through self-affirmation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 508–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J. A., & Grzanka, P. R. (2016). Applying intersectionality theory to research on perceived racism. In A. N. Alvarez, C. T. H. Liang, & H. A. Neville (Eds.), The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination (pp. 31–54). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, R. J., Mason, T. B., Winstead, B. A., Gaskins, M., & Irons, L. B. (2016). Pathways to hazardous drinking among racially and socioeconomically diverse lesbian women: Sexual minority stress, rumination, social isolation, and drinking to cope. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(4), 564–581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316662603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. J., & Israel, T. (2012). A computer-based intervention to reduce internalized heterosexism in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 458–464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. J., Israel, T., & Ryan, W. S. (2019). Releasing internalized stigma for empowerment: Development of theory-driven interventions for sexual and gender minorities. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 13(4), 276–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2019.1662358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major, B., Dovidio, J. F., Link, B. G., & Calabrese, S. K. (2018). Stigma and its implications for health: Introduction and overview. In B. Major, J. F. Dovidio, & B. G. Link (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health (pp. 3–28). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew, D. B. (2015). Toward a structural theory of implicit racial and ethnic bias in health care. Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine, 25, 61–85. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/healthmatrix/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews, C. R., Selvidge, M. M. D., & Fisher, K. (2005). Addictions counselors’ attitudes and behaviors toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83, 57–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00580.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Bostwick, W. B., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2010). The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1946–1952. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Hughes, T. L., & Boyd, C. J. (2013). Sexual orientation and substance abuse treatment utilization in the United States: Results from a national survey. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, E., & Sharek, D. (2014). Survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people's experiences of mental health services in Ireland. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mereish, E. H., Lee, J. H., Gamarel, K. E., Zaller, N. D., & Operario, D. (2015). Sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric and drug use disorders among a nationally representative sample of women with alcohol use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 47, 80–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mericle, A. A., de Guzman, R., Hemberg, J., Yette, E., Drabble, L., & Trocki, K. (2018). Delivering LGBT-sensitive substance use treatment to sexual minority women. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 30(4), 393–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2018.1512435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza, S. A., Rooney, C. (2018). Discrimination prevents LGBTQ people from accessing health care. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbtq-rights/news/2018/01/18/445130/discrimination-prevents-lgbtq-people-accessing-health-care/
   Google Scholar
• Olfson, M., Mojtabai, R., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Druss, B., Wang, P. S., Wells, K. B., Pincus, H. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2009). Dropout from outpatient mental health care in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 60(7), 898–907. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.60.7.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shaughnessy, T., & Speir, Z. (2018). The state of LGBQ affirmative therapy clinical research: A mixed-methods systematic synthesis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000259
   Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., & Lick, D. J. (2018). Sexual minority stigma and health. In B. Major, J. F. Dovidio, & B. G. Link (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of stigma, discrimination, and health (pp. 477–498). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perrotte, J. K., Baumann, M. R., & Knight, C. F. (2018). Traditional gender roles and the Stress-Alcohol Relationship among Latina/o College Students. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(10), 1700–1705. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1429472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T. (2012). Perceived racism and mental health among Black American adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinedo, M., Zemore, S., Beltrán-Girón, J., Gilbert, P., & Castro, Y. (2020). Women’s barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment: A qualitative exploration of racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, (22), 653–660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-019-00933-2
   Google Scholar
• Puckett, J. A., & Levitt, H. M. (2015). Internalized stigma within sexual and gender minorities: Change strategies and clinical implications. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 9(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1112336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar  , McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, A. E., Dovidio, J. F., Ballester, E., & Johnson, B. T. (2014). HIV prevention interventions to reduce sexual risk for African Americans: The influence of community-level stigma and psychological processes. Social Science & Medicine, 103, 118–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Eaton, N. R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2019). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders at the intersection of race and sexual orientation: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(4), 321–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus, G., Corrigan, P. W., Klauer, T., Kuwert, P., Freyberger, H. J., & Lucht, M. (2011). Self-stigma in alcohol dependence: Consequences for drinking-refusal self-efficacy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 114(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell, A. A. (2015). Disaggregating ethnoracial disparities in physician trust. Social Science Research, 54, 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topkaya, N. (2014). Gender, self-stigma, and public stigma in predicting attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14, 480–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1799
   Google Scholar
• Toporek, R., Daniels, J. (2018). American Counseling Association advocacy competencies. https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/aca-advocacy-competencies-updated-may-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=f410212c_4
   Google Scholar
• Velez, B. L., Moradi, B., & DeBlaere, C. (2015). Multiple oppressions and the mental health of sexual minority Latina/o individuals. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(1), 7–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000014542836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltman, A., & Chaimowitz, G. (2014). Mental health care for people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and (or) queer. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 59(11), 1–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244881/pdf/cjp-2014-vol59-november-positionpaper-en-1-8.pdf
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006). Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(3), 325–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, K., Burton, C. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2018). Depression and substance use: Towards the development of an emotion regulation model of stigma coping. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(5), 859–866. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1391011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., Kovess, V., Lane, M. C., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Ono, Y., Petukhova, M., … Wells, J. E. (2007). Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet, 370(9590), 841–850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61414-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yette, E. M., & Ahern, J. (2018). Health-related quality of life among black sexual minority women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar