The Impact of Female Cabinet Ministers on a Female-Friendly Labor Environment

REFERENCES

• Ahn, Namkee, and Pedro Mira. 2002. “A Note on the Changing Relationship between Fertility and Female Employment Rates in Developed Countries.” Journal of Population Economics 15 (4): 667–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andeweg, Rudy B., and Lia Nijzink. 1995. “Beyond the Two-Body Image: Relations between Ministers and MPs.” In Parliaments and Majority Control in Western Europe, ed. H. Doring. Frankfurt, Germany, and New York, NY: Campus Verlag and St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Annesley, Claire, Karen Beckwith, Isabelle Engeli, and Susan Franceschet. 2011. “Application for ECPR Research Session: Gender and Executive Leadership.” In Research Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research. Florence, Italy: ECPR: Gender and Politics Standing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Annesley, Claire, Isabelle Engeli, Francesca Gains, and S. L. Resodihardjo. 2010. “Gender Equality Policy Advocacy in Hard Times: Comparing the Determinants of Issue Attention to Gender Equality on Policy Agendas.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Atchison, Amy L., and Ian Down. 2009. “Women Cabinet Ministers and Female-Friendly Social Policy.” Poverty & Public Policy 1 (2): 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. “What to Do (and not to do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data.” The American Political Science Review 89 (3): 634–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, Nathaniel, & Jonathan N. Katz 1996. “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models.” Political Analysis 6 (1): 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Beckwith, Karen, and Kimberly Cowell-Meyers. 2007. “Sheer Numbers: Critical Representation Thresholds and Women’s Political Representation.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Bergqvist, Christina. 2011. “The Nordic Countries.” In Women in Executive Power, eds. G. Bauer and M. Tremblay. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Kathleen A. 2002. “The Effect of Legislative Diversity on Agenda Setting: Evidence from Six State Legislatures.” American Politics Research 30 (2): 115–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, Kathleen A., and Leonard P. Ray. 2002. “Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in Norway.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (2): 428–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs, Sarah, and Mona Lena Krook. 2009. “Analysing Women’s Substantive Representation: From Critical Mass to Critical Actors.” Government & Opposition 44 (2): 125–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, M. K. I. 2007. “Guide to Women Leaders.” www.guide2womenleaders.com ( July 1, 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, Drude. 2006a. “The Story of the Theory of Critical Mass.” Politics & Gender 2 (4): 511–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlerup, Drude. 2006b. Women, Quotas and Politics. 1st ed. London. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Rebecca Howard. 1997. Women and Power in Parliamentary Democracies: Cabinet Appointments in Western Europe, 1968–1992. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Winter, Lieven. 1995. “The Role of Parliament in Government Formation and Resignation.” In Parliaments and Majority Control in Western Europe, ed. H. Doring. Frankfurt, Germany, and New York, NY: Campus Verlag and St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deven, Fred, and Peter Moss. 2002. “Leave Arrangements for Parents: Overview and Future Outlook.” Community, Work & Family 5 (3): 237–55.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, Julie. 2002. “Representative Bureaucracy in the Federal Executive: Gender and Spending Priorities.” Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory 12 (3): 353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doring, Herbert. 1995. “Time as a Scarce Resource: Government Control of the Agenda.” In Parliaments and Majority Control in Western Europe, ed. H. Doring. Frankfurt, Germany, and New York, NY: Campus Verlag and St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar-Lemmon, Maria, and Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson. 2005. “Women Ministers in Latin American Government: When, Where, and Why?” American Journal of Political Science 49 (4): 829–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Post-Industrial Economies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 2002. “A New Gender Contract.” In Why We Need a New Welfare State, ed. G. Esping-Andersen. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 2007. “Report on Pregnancy, Maternity, Parental and Paternity Rights.” In Equality between Men and Women. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Gelb, Joyce, and Marian Lief Palley. 1996. Women and Public Policies: Reassessing Gender Politics. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Gornick, Janet C., and Marcia Meyers. 2003. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Gornick, Janet C., and Marcia K. Meyers. 2004. “Welfare Regimes in Relation to Paid Work and Care.” Advances in Life Course Research 8: 45–67.
   Google Scholar
• Gornick, Janet C., Marcia K. Meyers, and Katherin E. Ross. 1997. “Supporting the Employment of Mothers: Policy Variation Across Fourteen Welfare States.” Journal of European Social Policy 7 (1): 45–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grey, Sandra. 2006. “The New World?” In Representing Women in Parliament: A Comparative Study, eds. L. J. Trimble, M. Tremblay, and M. Sawer. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heitlinger, Alena. 1991. “Pronatalism and Women’s Equality Policies.” European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de demographie 7 (4): 343–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henninger, Annette, Christine Wimbauer, and Rosine Dombrowski. 2008. “Demography as a Push toward Gender Equality? Current Reforms of German Family Policy.” Social Politics 15 (3): 287–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskyns, Catherine. 1996. Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union. London, UK: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, Evelyne, Charles Ragin, John D. Stephens, David Brady, and Jason Beckfield. 2004. “Comparative Welfare States Data Set, Northwestern University.” ed. U. o. N. C. Northwestern University, Duke University, and Indiana University.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, Evelyne, and John D. Stephens. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. 2010. “Database of Conditions of Work and Employment Laws (TRAVAIL).” ILO.
   Google Scholar
• IPU. 1996–2010. “Women in National Parliaments Database (Archives).” Geneva, Switzerland: IPU.
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, Torben, and Frances Rosenbluth. 2010. Women, Work, and Politics: The Political Economy of Gender Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jalalzai, Farida. 2008. “Women Rule: Shattering the Executive Glass Ceiling.” Politics & Gender 4 (02): 205–31.
   Google Scholar
• Jalalzai, Farida, and Mona Lena Krook. 2010. “Beyond Hillary and Benazir: Women’s Political Leadership Worldwide.” International Political Science Review 31 (1): 5–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Simon. 1999. British Cabinet Government. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• King, Leslie. 1998. “‘France Needs Children’: Pronatalism, Nationalism and Women’s Equity.” The Sociological Quarterly 39 (1): 33–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2006. Challenging Parties, Changing Parliaments: Women and Elected Office in Contemporary Western Europe. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kittilson, Miki Caul. 2008. “Representing Women: The Adoption of Family Leave in Comparative Perspective.” The Journal of Politics 20 (2): 323–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena, and Diana Z. O’Brien. 2011. “All the President’s Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide.” Presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference, Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, Priscilla A. 2008. “The Comparative Political Economy of Parental Leave and Child Care: Evidence from Twenty OECD Countries.” Social Politics 15 (3): 315–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laver, Michael, and Kenneth A. Shepsle. 1994. Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government. Cambridge England; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Jane, Trudie Knijn, Claude Martin, and Ilona Ostner. 2008. “Patterns of Development in Work/Family Reconciliation Policies for Parents in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK in the 2000s.” Social Politics 15 (3): 261–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Lanny W. 2004. “The Government Agenda in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 48 (3): 445–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson, Ingvar. 1995. “Private Members’ Initiatives and Amendments.” In Parliaments and Majority Control in Western Europe, ed. H. Doring. Frankfurt, Germany, and New York, NY: Campus Verlag and St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazur, Amy. 2001. State Feminism, Women’s Movements, and Job Training: Making Democracies Work in the Global Economy. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McBride, Dorothy E., and Amy Mazur. 2010. The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Peter. 2000. “The ‘Toolbox’ of Public Policies to Impact on Fertility—A Global View.” Paper presented at the European Observatory on Family Matters, Low Fertility, Families and Public Policies. Sevilla, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Peter. 2002. “Sustaining Fertility through Public Policy: The Range of Options.” Population (English Edition, 2002) 57 (3): 417–46.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Peter. 2006. “Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy.” Population & Development Review 32 (3): 485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Dorothy C. 1990. Women and Social Welfare: A Feminist Analysis. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, Kimberly J. 2006. Working Mothers and the Welfare State: Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mushaben, Joyce. 2005. “Girl Power, Mainstreaming and Critical Mass: Women’s Leadership and Policy Paradigm Shift in Germany’s Red-Green Coalition, 1998–20021.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 27 (1–2): 135–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, and Joni Lovenduski. 1989. “Women Candidates for Parliament: Transforming the Agenda?” British Journal of Political Science 19 (1): 106–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nousiainen, Jaakko. 1994. “Finland: Ministerial Autonomy, Constitutional Collectivism, and Party Oligarchy.” In Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government, eds. M. Laver and K. A. Shepsle. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Regan, Valerie R. 2000. Gender Matters: Female Policymakers’ Influence in Industrialized Nations. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2001. “OECD Employment Outlook.” Paris, Washington, DC: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD Publications and Information Center, distributor.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2007. Ageing Societies and the Looming Pension Crisis [Web]. http://www.oecd.org/document/59/0,2340,en_2825_497118_2512699_1_1_1_1,00.htm ( Accessed March 17, 2007).
   Google Scholar
• OECD.stat. 2008. “GDP Per Capita.” OECD.stat.
   Google Scholar
• Pascall, Gillian. 1997. Social Policy: A New Feminist Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paxton, Pamela, Sheri Kunovich, and Melanie Hughes. 2007. “Gender in Politics.” Annual Review of Sociology 33: 263–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, B. Guy. 1998. Comparative Politics: Theory and Methods. New York, NY: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plantenga, Janneke, and Johan Hansen. 1999. “Assessing the Equal Opportunities in the European Union.” International Labour Review 138 (4): 351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindfuss, Ronald R., Karen Benjamin Guzzo, and S. Philip Morgan. 2003. “The Changing Institutional Context of Low Fertility.” Population Research and Policy Review 22 (5): 411–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubery, Jill, Mark Smith, and Colette Fagan. 1998. “National Working-Time Regimes and Equal Opportunities.” Feminist Economics 4 (1): 71–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapiro, Virginia. 1986. “The Gender Basis of American Social Policy.” Political Science Quarterly 101 (2): 221–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and William Mishler. 2005. “An Integrated Model of Women’s Representation.” The Journal of Politics 67 (02): 407–28.
   Google Scholar
• Siaroff, Alan. 2000. “Women’s Representation in Legislatures and Cabinets in Industrial Democracies.” International Political Science Review 21 (2): 197–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siaroff, Alan. 2003. “Varieties of Parliamentarianism in the Advanced Industrial Democracies.” International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique 24 (4): 445–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratigaki, Maria. 2000. “The EU and the Equal Opportunities Process.” In Gendered Policies in Europe: Reconciling Employment and Family Life, eds. L. Hantrais and J. Campling. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, Kaare. 1995. “Parliamentary Government ans Legislative Organisation.” In Parliaments and Majority Control in Western Europe, ed. H. Doring. Frankfurt, Germany, and New York, NY: Campus Verlag and St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, Kaare. 2003. “Parliamentary Democracy and Delegation.” In Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies, eds. K. Strøm, W. C. Müller, and T. Bergman. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, Kaare, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Torbjörn Bergman. 2003. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Sue. 1994. How Women Legislate. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Towns, A. 2003. “Understanding the Effects of Larger Ratios of Women in National Legislatures: Proportions and Gender Differentiation in Sweden and Norway.” Women & Politics 25 (1/2): 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay, Manon. 1998. “Do Female MPs Substantively Represent Women? A Study of Legislative Behaviour in Canada’s 35th Parliament.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 31 (3): 435–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, Jelle. 2011. “ICTWSS: Database on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts in 34 countries between1960 and 2007.” ed. A. I. f. A. L. S. (AIAS): University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Wangnerud, Lena. 2000. “Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the Swedish Riksdag.” Scandinavian Political Studies 23 (1): 67–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon, S. Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weldon, S. Laurel 2010. “Chapter 3: Social Movements, Representation and Family Policy.” In Protest, Representation and the Advocacy State. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, Vicky M., and Lael R. Keiser. 2006. “Linking Passive and Active Representation by Gender: The Case of Child Support Agencies.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16 (1): 553–64.
   Google Scholar