Evaluating Brief Group Interventions in Sexuality Education and Enhancement: Do Workshops Really Work?

REFERENCES

• AASECT . 1973 . The professional training and preparation of sex counselors , Washington, DC : American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists .
   Google Scholar
• AASECT . 1994 . SAR standards approved by the AASECT , Mount Vernon, IA : American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists .
   Google Scholar
• AASECT . 2004 . Standards for sexual attitude reassessment seminars , Ashland, VA : American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. 2005 . Attitudes, personality and behavior, , 2nd , Maidenhead, , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Albarracín , D. and Wyer , R. S. 2000 . The cognitive impact of past behavior: Influences on beliefs, attitudes, and future behavioral decisions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 453 – 469 .
   Google Scholar
• Amelang , M. and Pielke , M. 1992 . Effects of erotica upon men's and women's loving . Psychological Reports , 71 : 1235 – 1245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. and Ferguson , M. J. 2000 . Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 925 – 945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt , B. B. 2005 . Sexual health and erotic freedom , Philadelphia, PA : Xlibris .
   Google Scholar
• Bless , H. 2004 . Social cognition: How individuals construct reality. , London, UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohner , G. and Wanke , M. 2002 . Attitudes and attitude change. , London, UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braiker , H. 2002 . The disease to please , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Camic , P. M. , Rhodes , J. E. and Yardley , L. 2003 . Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. and Stangor , C. 1987 . Attitudes and attitude change . Annual Review of Psychology , 38 : 575 – 630 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilgren , R. A. and Briggs , M. M. 1973 . On being explicit: Sex education for professionals . SIECUS Report , 1 ( 5 ) : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. 2006 . Influence: The psychology of persuasion , New York : Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. and Goldstein , N. J. 2004 . Social influence: Compliance and conformity . Annual Review of Psychology , 55 : 591 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini , R. B. , Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1981 . Attitude and attitude change . Annual Review of Psychology , 32 : 357 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. , Byrne , C. , Hay , J. and Schmuck , M. L. 1994 . Assessing the impact of an interdisciplinary workshop in human sexuality . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 20 : 56 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. , Byrne , C. , Hay , J. and Schmuck , M. L. 1996 . An 18-month follow-up on the effectiveness of a sexuality workshop: Some methodological pitfalls . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 22 : 3 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , T. M. , Chilgren , R. and Rosenberg , P. 1973 . A new programme of sex education and counseling for spinal cord injured adults and healthcare professionals . Paraplegia , 11 : 111 – 124 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper , J. and Croyle , R. T. 1984 . Attitudes and attitude change . Annual Review of Psychology , 35 : 395 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. M. and Bauserman , R. 1993 . Exposure to sexually explicit materials: An attitude change perspective . Annual Review of Sex Research , 4 : 121 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• De Dreu , C and De Vries , N. 2001 . Group consensus and minority influence , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• D’Emilio , J. and Freedman , E. B. 1997 . Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Eagly , A. H. and Chaiken , S. 1993 . The psychology of attitudes , Belmont, CA : Thomson/Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Fingarette , H. 2000 . Self-deception. , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forgas , J. P. and Williams , K. D. 2001 . Social influence: Direct and indirect processes , Philadelphia, PA : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth , D. R. 1998 . Group dynamics, , 3rd , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Friend , R. A. 1986 . The relationship between group cohesion and the development of pluralism in sexual attitudes as a function of the small group component of SAR seminars , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Doctoral Dissertation .
   Google Scholar
• Garrard , J. , Vaitkus , A. and Chilgren , R. 1972 . Evaluation of a course in human sexuality . Journal of Medical Education , 47 : 772 – 778 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garrard , J. , Vaitkus , A. , Held , J. and Chilgren , R. 1972 . Follow-up effects of a medical school course in human sexuality . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 5 : 331 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Granello , D. H. and Wheaton , J. E. 2004 . Online data collection: Strategies for research . Journal of Counseling and Development , 82 : 387 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. and Banaji , M. R. 1995 . Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes . Psychological Review , 102 : 4 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadorn , D. and Grant , I. 1976 . Evaluation of a sex education workshop . Medical Education , 10 : 378 – 381 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. and Allen , J. J. B. 2001 . The role of affect in the mere exposure effect . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 889 – 898 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. and Harmon-Jones , C. 2002 . Testing the action-based model of cognitive dissonance: The effect of action orientation on post-decisional attitudes . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 711 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held , J. P. , Cournoyer , C. R. , Held , C. A. and Chilgren , R. A. 1974 . Sexual attitude reassessment . Minnesota Medicine , 57 : 925 – 928 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan , P. C. 2001 . The culture of conformism: Understanding social consent. , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janes , L. M. and Olson , J. M. 2000 . Jeer pressure: The behavioral effects of observing ridicule of others . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 474 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis , I. L. 1982 . Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes, , 2nd , Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Karpinski , A. and Hilton , J. L. 2001 . Attitudes and the implicit association test . Journal of Personality and social Psychology , 81 : 774 – 788 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelman , H. C. 2006 . Interests, relationships, identities: Three central issues for individuals and groups in negotiating their social environment . Annual Review of Psychology , 57 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , P. B. 2007 . The what, why and how of group learning in sexuality education . American Journal of Sexuality Education , 2 : 51 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Kraut , R. , Olson , J. , Banaji , M. , Bruckman , A. , Cohen , J. and Couper , M. 2004 . Psychological research online: Report of board of scientific affairs advisory group on the conduct of research on the Internet . American Psychologist , 59 : 105 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiblum , S. R. 2001 . An established medical school human sexuality curriculum: Description and evaluation . Sexual and Relationship Therapy , 16 : 59 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Lief , H. I. and Payne , T. P. 1975 . Sexuality—knowledge and attitudes . American Journal of Nursing , 75 : 2026 – 2029 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackie , D. M. and Hunter , S. B. 1999 . “ Majority and minority influence: The interactions of social identity and social cognition mediators ” . In Social identity and social cognition , Edited by: Abrams , D. and Hogg , M. A. 332 – 353 . Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Maddock , D. B. and Dickman , D. L. 1972 . Human sexuality: A resource book , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota .
   Google Scholar
• Maio , G. R. and Olson , J. M. 1998 . Values as truisms: Evidence and implications . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74 : 294 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte , D. B. and Kilpatrick , D. G. 1974 . Preliminary evaluation of a sex education course . Journal of Medical Education , 49 : 703 – 705 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcotte , D. B. and Logan , C. 1977 . Medical sex education: Allowing attitude alteration . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 5 : 282 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , C. and Rossman , G. B. 1995 . Designing qualitative research, , 2nd , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , L. L. and Tesser , A. 1992 . The construction of social judgments , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. and Hewstone , M. 2003 . “ Social-influence processes of control and change: Conformity, obedience to authority, and innovation ” . In The sage handbook of social psychology , Edited by: Hogg , M. A. and Cooper , J. 347 – 366 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McNaught , B. 2005 . “Sex camp.” , Bloomington, IN : AuthorHouse .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. R. and Lief , H. I. 1979 . The sex knowledge and attitude test (SKAT) . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 5 : 282 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Sex Forum . 1975 . SAR guide for a better sex life , San Francisco, CA : National Sex Forum .
   Google Scholar
• Neidigh , L. and Kinder , B. 1987 . The use of audiovisual materials in sex therapy: A critical overview . Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy , 13 : 64 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , J. M. and Zanna , M. P. 1993 . Attitudes and attitude change . Annual Review of Psychology , 44 : 117 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padgett , D. K. 2004 . The qualitative research experience , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson .
   Google Scholar
• Raghunathan , R. and Trope , Y. 2002 . Walking the tightrope between feeling good and being accurate: Mood as a resource in processing persuasive messages . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 : 510 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades , C. 2007 . Ethical considerations in the use of sexually explicit visuals as an instructional methodology in college sexuality courses . American Journal of Sexuality Education , 2 : 5 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. B. E. , Uhl , G. , Miner , M. , Bockting , W. O. , Scheltema , K. E. , Rosser , B. R. S. and Westover , B. 2002 . Evaluation of sexual health approach to prevent HIV among low income, urban, primarily African American women: Results of a randomized controlled trial . AIDS Education and Research, Special Issue “Evaluating HIV Prevention Programs , 14 ( 13 ) : 81 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser , B. R. S. , Dwyer , S. M. , Coleman , E. , Miner , M. , Metz , M. , Robinson , B. E. and Bockting , W. O. 1995 . Using sexually explicit material in adult sex education: An eighteen year comparative analysis . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 21 : 117 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu , D. M. and Fazio , R. H. 1990 . The role of attitudes in memory-based decision making . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 : 614 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller , P. 1973 . Creative approach to sex education and counseling, , 1st , New York : Association Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schoen , M. 2003 . History of sexually explicit health films , Chapel Hill, NC : Sinclair Intimacy Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. , Flaherty , C. and Webb , L. 1981 . Training teachers in human sexuality: Effect on attitudes and knowledge . Psychological Reports , 48 : 527 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solursh , D. 2000 . Physician education in human sexuality: A survey of North American medical schools . Contemporary Sexuality , 34 ( 1 )
   Google Scholar
• Stayton , W. R. 1998 . A curriculum for training professionals in human sexuality using the sexual attitude restructuring (SAR) model . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 23 : 26 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Stayton , W. R. 2007 . “ Personal communication on the history of SAR evaluations: October 14th 2007 ” .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , C. M. 1988 . “ The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology, 21 , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 261 – 302 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strossen , N. 2000 . Defending pornography: Free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights , New York : New York University .
   Google Scholar
• Szabados , B. and Soifer , E. 2004 . Hypocrisy: Ethical investigations. , Buffalo, NY : Broadview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tepper , M. S. 1992 . Sexual education in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: Current trends and recommendations . Sexuality and Disability , 10 : 15 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Tepper , M. S. 1997 . Use of sexually explicit films in spinal cord injury rehabilitation . Sexuality and Disability , 15 : 167 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper , M. S. and Owens , A. F. 2006 . Sexual health , four volumes , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Terry , D. J. and Hogg , M. A. 1996 . Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 776 – 793 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesser , A. and Shaffer , D. R. 1990 . Attitudes and attitude change . Annual Review of Psychology , 41 : 479 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , N. W. and Stayton , W. R. 1976 . An innovative model for training professionals in human sexuality . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 14 : 49 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Vandervoort , H. E. and McIlvenna , T. 1976 . Human sexuality: A health practitioner's text , Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Vines , N. R. 1975 . Responses to sexual problems in medical counseling as a function of counselor exposure to sex education procedures incorporating erotic film , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Doctoral Dissertation .
   Google Scholar
• Voss , J. R. and McKillip , J. 1979 . Program evaluation in sex education: Outcome assessment of sexual awareness weekend workshops . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 8 : 507 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabrek , A. J. and Lief , H. I. 1972 . Medical school involvement in sex counseling for college students . Journal of Medical Education , 47 : 740 – 741 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker , B. and Harrington , D. 2002 . Effects of staff training on staff knowledge and attitudes about sexuality . Educational Gerontology , 28 : 639 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , A. S. 1994 . Using visual media to reduce homophobia: A classroom demonstration . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 20 : 92 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Weerakoon , P. 1992 . Sex education for health professionals: A review of programs . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 18 : 242 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Weerakoon , P. and Stiernborg , M. 1996 . Sexuality education for health care professionals: A critical review of the literature . Annual Review of Sex Research , 7 : 181 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , T. D. , Hodges , S. D. and LaFleur , S. J. 1995 . Effects of introspecting about reasons: Inferring attitudes from accessible thoughts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 16 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wishnoff , R. 1978 . Modeling effects of explicit and nonexplicit sexual stimuli on the sexual anxiety and behavior of women . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 7 : 455 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollert , R. W. 1978 . A survey of sexual attitude reassessment and restructuring seminars . The Journal of Sex Research , 14 : 250 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , W. 2000 . Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 539 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , R. R. 1980 . American association of sex educators, counselors and therapists: A success story, 1967–1980 , Mount Vernon, IA : AASECT .
   Google Scholar
• Wyer , R. S. 1997 . Automaticity in everyday life (advances in social cognition, volume 10) , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zillman , D. and Bryant , J. Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zimbardo , P. G. and Leippe , M. R. 1991 . The psychology of attitude change and social influence. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar