References
- Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg H, Xia H, Yuan J. Pharmacologic agents targeting autophagy. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:5–13.
- Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, et al. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy. 2018;14:1435–1455.
- Kim C-H, Han B-S, Moon J, et al. Nuclear receptor Nurr1 agonists enhance its dual functions and improve behavioral deficits in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:8756–8761.
- Chen X, Wang N, Zhu Y, et al. The antimalarial chloroquine suppresses LPS-Induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and confers protection against murine endotoxic shock. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:6543237.
- Kong X, Chen L, Jiao L, et al. Astemizole arrests the proliferation of cancer cells by disrupting the EZH2-EED interaction of polycomb repressive complex 2. J Med Chem. 2014;57:9512–9521.
- Quiros Roldan E, Biasiotto G, Magro P, et al. The possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): a role for iron homeostasis? Pharmacol Res. 2020;158:104904.
- Bondeson J, Sundler R. Antimalarial drugs inhibit phospholipase A2 activation and induction of interleukin lβ and tumor necrosis factor α in macrophages: implications for their mode of action in rheumatoid arthritis. Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst. 1998;30:357–366.
- Chou M-H, Wang J-Y, Lin C-L, et al. DMARD use is associated with a higher risk of dementia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a propensity score-matched case–control study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;334:217–222.
- Van Gool WA, Weinstein HC, Scheltens P, et al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on progression of dementia in early Alzheimer’s disease: an 18-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2001;358:455–460.
- Fardet L, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Chronic hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine exposure for connective tissue diseases and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:279–282.
- Savarino V, Dulbecco P, de Bortoli N, et al. The appropriate use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): need for a reappraisal. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;37:19–24.
- Elias E, Targownik LE. The clinician’s guide to proton pump inhibitor related adverse events. Drugs. 2019;79:715–731.
- Vaezi MF, Yang Y-X, Howden CW. Complications of proton pump inhibitor therapy. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:35–48.
- Pottegård A, Broe A, Hallas J, et al. Use of proton-pump inhibitors among adults: a Danish nationwide drug utilization study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9:671–678.
- Daniels B, Pearson S-A, Buckley NA, et al. Long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors: whole-of-population patterns in Australia 2013–2016. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1756284820913743.
- Bustillos H, Leer K, Kitten A, et al. A cross-sectional study of national outpatient gastric acid suppressant prescribing in the United States between 2009 and 2015. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0208461.
- Lassalle M, Le Tri T, Bardou M, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors in adults in France: a nationwide drug utilization study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(3):449–457. DOI:10.1007/s00228-019-02810-1
- Kim J-H, Oh J-K, Kim Y-H, et al. Association between proton pump inhibitor use and parkinson’s disease in a Korean Population. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(3):327. DOI:10.3390/ph15030327
- Torres-Bondia F, Dakterzada F, Galván L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and non-Alzheimer’s dementias. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21046. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-78199-0
- Fallahzadeh MK, Borhani Haghighi A, Namazi MR. Proton pump inhibitors: predisposers to Alzheimer disease? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(2):125–126.
- Haenisch B, von Holt K, Wiese B, et al. Risk of dementia in elderly patients with the use of proton pump inhibitors. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;265(5):419–428. DOI:10.1007/s00406-014-0554-0
- Gomm W, von Holt K, Thomé F, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of dementia: a pharmacoepidemiological claims data analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(4):410–416. DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791
- World Health Organization, Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Guidelines WHO | Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 [cited 2022 Jul 29]. Available from 2019: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542796/.
- Norton S , Matthews F.E , Barnes D.E , Yaffe K , Brayne C, et al. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):788–794. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70136-X.
- Ortiz-Guerrero G, Amador-Muñoz D, Calderón-Ospina CA, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and dementia: physiopathological mechanisms and clinical consequences. Neural Plast. 2018;2018:5257285.
- Rojo LE, Alzate-Morales J, Saavedra IN, et al. Selective interaction of lansoprazole and astemizole with tau polymers: potential new clinical use in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(2):573–589. DOI:10.3233/JAD-2010-1262
- Cheng FC, Ho YF, Hung LC, et al. Determination and pharmacokinetic profile of omeprazole in rat blood, brain and bile by microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2002;949(1–2):35–42. DOI:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01225-0
- Nighot M, Nighot P, Ma T. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) induces colonic Tight Junction barrier (TJ) dysfunction via an upregulation of TJ pore forming Caludin-2 protein. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27:S27–28.
- Thongon N, Chamniansawat S. Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and spatial memory impairment in omeprazole-treated rats. Metab Brain Dis. 2022;37:2871–2881.
- Ali SB, Mahmood K, Saeed R, et al. Elevated anxiety, hypoactivity, memory deficits, decreases of brain serotonin and 5-HT-1A receptors expression in rats treated with omeprazole. Toxicol Res. 2020;37:237–248.
- Mascolo A, Berrino PM, Gareri P, et al. Neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations in elderly patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a review article. Inflammopharmacology. 2018;26:1141–1149.
- Klionsky DJ, Petroni G, Amaravadi RK, et al. Autophagy in major human diseases. EMBO J. 2021 Oct 1;40(19):e108863. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.15252/embj.2021108863
- Grosjean I, Roméo B, Domdom M-A, et al. Autophagopathies: from autophagy gene polymorphisms to precision medicine for human diseases. Autophagy. 2022;18:2519–2536.
- Navarro-Romero A, Montpeyó M, Martinez-Vicente M. The emerging role of the lysosome in Parkinson’s Disease. Cells. 2020;9:2399.
- Klein AD, Mazzulli JR. Is Parkinson’s disease a lysosomal disorder? Brain. 2018;141:2255–2262.
- Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. The genetic architecture of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(2):170–178.
- Navarro-Romero A, Fernandez-Gonzalez I, Riera J, et al. Lysosomal lipid alterations caused by glucocerebrosidase deficiency promote lysosomal dysfunction, chaperone-mediated-autophagy deficiency, and alpha-synuclein pathology. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022 Oct 6;8(1):126. DOI:10.1038/s41531-022-00397-6
- Song Q, Meng B, Xu H, et al. The emerging roles of vacuolar-type ATPase-dependent Lysosomal acidification in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9(1):17. DOI:10.1186/s40035-020-00196-0
- Dehay B, Bové J, Rodríguez-Muela N, et al. Pathogenic lysosomal depletion in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci. 2010;30(37):12535–12544. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1920-10.2010
- Bourdenx M, Daniel J, Genin E, et al. Nanoparticles restore lysosomal acidification defects: implications for Parkinson and other lysosomal-related diseases. Autophagy. 2016;12:472–483.
- Nixon RA, Wegiel J, Kumar A, et al. Extensive involvement of autophagy in Alzheimer disease: an immuno-electron microscopy study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64(2):113–122. DOI:10.1093/jnen/64.2.113
- Bai B, Wang X, Li Y, et al. Deep multilayer brain proteomics identifies molecular networks in Alzheimer’s Disease Progression. Neuron. 2020;105:975–991.e7.
- Lee J-H, Yang D-S, Goulbourne CN, et al. Faulty autolysosome acidification in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models induces autophagic build-up of Aβ in neurons, yielding senile plaques. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25(6):688–701. DOI:10.1038/s41593-022-01084-8
- Lie PPY, Yoo L, Goulbourne CN, et al. Axonal transport of late endosomes and amphisomes is selectively modulated by local Ca2+ efflux and disrupted by PSEN1 loss of function. Sci Adv. 2022;8(17):eabj5716. DOI:10.1126/sciadv.abj5716
- Lee J-H, McBrayer MK, Wolfe DM, et al. Presenilin 1 maintains lysosomal Ca2+ homeostasis via TRPML1 by regulating vatpase-mediated lysosome acidification. Cell Rep. 2015;12(9):1430–1444. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.050
- Im E, Jiang Y, Stavrides P, et al. Lysosomal dysfunction in Down Syndrome and Alzheimer mouse models is caused by selective v-ATPase inhibition by Tyr682 phosphorylated APP βCTF. bioRxiv. DOI:10.1101/2022.06.02.494546.
- Lee J-H, Yu WH, Kumar A, et al. Lysosomal proteolysis and autophagy require presenilin 1 and are disrupted by alzheimer-related PS1 mutations. Cell. 2010;141:1146–1158.
- Tong B-K, Wu AJ, Huang AS, et al. Lysosomal TPCN (two pore segment channel) inhibition ameliorates beta-amyloid pathology and mitigates memory impairment in Alzheimer disease. Autophagy. 2022;18(3):624–642. DOI:10.1080/15548627.2021.1945220
- Wolfe DM, Lee J, Kumar A, et al. Autophagy failure in Alzheimer’s disease and the role of defective lysosomal acidification. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37(12):1949–1961. DOI:10.1111/ejn.12169
- Torres M, Jimenez S, Sanchez-Varo R, et al. Defective lysosomal proteolysis and axonal transport are early pathogenic events that worsen with age leading to increased APP metabolism and synaptic Abeta in transgenic APP/PS1 hippocampus. Mol Neurodegener. 2012;7(1):59. DOI:10.1186/1750-1326-7-59
- Avrahami L, Farfara D, Shaham-Kol M, et al. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 ameliorates β-amyloid pathology and restores lysosomal acidification and mammalian target of rapamycin activity in the alzheimer disease mouse model. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(2):1295–1306. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M112.409250
- Jiang Y, Sato Y, Im E, et al. Lysosomal dysfunction in down syndrome is APP-Dependent and mediated by APP-βCTF (C99). J Neurosci. 2019;39(27):5255–5268. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0578-19.2019
- Lee J-H, Mitchell RR, McNicol JD, et al. Single transcription factor conversion of human blood fate to NPCs with CNS and PNS developmental capacity. Cell Rep. 2015;11(9):1367–1376. DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.056
- Butzlaff M, Hannan SB, Karsten P, et al. Impaired retrograde transport by the Dynein/Dynactin complex contributes to Tau-induced toxicity. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:3623–3637.
- Yu WH, Kumar A, Peterhoff C, et al. Autophagic vacuoles are enriched in amyloid precursor protein-secretase activities: implications for beta-amyloid peptide over-production and localization in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36:2531–2540.
- Solvik TA, Nguyen TA, Tony Lin Y-H, et al. Secretory autophagy maintains proteostasis upon lysosome inhibition. J Cell Bio. 2022;221(6):e202110151. DOI:10.1083/jcb.202110151
- Tai S-Y, Chien C-Y, Wu D-C, et al. Risk of dementia from proton pump inhibitor use in Asian population: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0171006.
- Kim J-H, Oh J-K, Kim Y-H, et al. Association between proton pump inhibitor use and parkinson’s disease in a Korean population. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15:327.
- Choi HG, Kim J-H, Kim JH, et al. Associations between proton pump inhibitors and Alzheimer’s disease: a nested case–control study using a Korean nationwide health screening cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022;14(1):91. DOI:10.1186/s13195-022-01032-5
- Lai S-W, Liao K-F, Lin C-L, et al. Association between Parkinson’s disease and proton pump inhibitors therapy in older people. Biomedicine (Taipei). 2020;10:1–4.
- Nielsen HH, Qiu J, Friis S, et al. Treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Denmark. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:864–869.
- Galatti L, Giustini SE, Sessa A, et al. Neuropsychiatric reactions to drugs: an analysis of spontaneous reports from general practitioners in Italy. Pharmacol Res. 2005;51:211–216.
- Laudisio A, Incalzi RA, Gemma A, et al. Use of proton-pump inhibitors is associated with depression: a population-based study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30:153–159.
- Akter S, MdR H, Shahriar M, et al. Cognitive impact after short-term exposure to different proton pump inhibitors: assessment using CANTAB software. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7(1):79. DOI:10.1186/s13195-015-0164-8
- Polimeni G, Cutroneo P, Gallo A, et al. Rabeprazole and psychiatric symptoms. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(7–8):1315–1317. DOI:10.1345/aph.1K134
- Heckmann JG, Birklein F, Neundörfer B. Omeprazole-induced delirium. J Neurol. 2000;247(1):56–57.
- Abela M, Aquilina N, Attard A. Omeprazole-induced delirium. The Synapse. 2014;13:18,19.
- Makunts T, Alpatty S, Lee KC, et al. Proton-pump inhibitor use is associated with a broad spectrum of neurological adverse events including impaired hearing, vision, and memory. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17280.
- Trevisani S, Cereda J-M. Blurred vision: a rare secondary effect of proton pump inhibitors. Rev Med Suisse. 2012;8(336):811–812, 814.
- Schönhöfer PS, Werner B, Tröger U. Ocular damage associated with proton pump inhibitors. BMJ. 1997;314(7097):1805.
- Wang AK, Sharma S, Kim P, et al. Hypomagnesemia in the intensive care unit: choosing your gastrointestinal prophylaxis, a case report and review of the literature. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18:456–460.
- Rajabally YA, Jacob S. Neuropathy associated with lansoprazole treatment. Muscle Nerve. 2005;31:124–125.
- Otremba I, Wilczyński K, Szewieczek J. Delirium in the geriatric unit: proton-pump inhibitors and other risk factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:397–405.
- Targownik LE, Fisher DA, Saini SD. AGA clinical practice update on de-prescribing of proton pump inhibitors: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2022;162:1334–1342.
- Booker A, Jacob LE, Rapp M, et al. Risk factors for dementia diagnosis in German primary care practices. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(7):1059–1065. DOI:10.1017/S1041610215002082
- Cooksey R, Kennedy J, Dennis MS, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and dementia risk: Evidence from a cohort study using linked routinely collected national health data in Wales, UK. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0237676.
- Goldstein FC, Steenland K, Zhao L, et al. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(9):1969–1974. DOI:10.1111/jgs.14956
- Taipale H, Tolppanen A-M, Tiihonen M, et al. No Association Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(12):1802–1808. DOI:10.1038/ajg.2017.196
- Gray SL, Walker RL, Dublin S, et al. Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Dementia Risk: Prospective Population Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(2):247–253. DOI:10.1111/jgs.15073
- Lo C-H, Ni P, Yan Y, et al. Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. Gastroenterology. 2022;S0016-5085(22):00729.
- Song YQ, Li Y, Zhang SL, et al. Proton pump inhibitor use does not increase dementia and Alzheimer’s disease risk: An updated meta-analysis of published studies involving 642305 patients. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):e0219213. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6605652/
- Komatsu M, Waguri S, Chiba T, et al. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature. 2006;441:880–884.
- Komatsu M, Waguri S, Koike M, et al. Homeostatic levels of p62 control cytoplasmic inclusion body formation in autophagy-deficient mice. Cell. 2007;131:1149–1163.
- Hara T, Nakamura K, Matsui M, et al. Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice. Nature. 2006;441:885–889.