References
- Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18.
- Andersen, D. G. (2000). Coping strategies and burnout among veteran child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40(6), 839–848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00143-5
- Anderson, G., McKenzie, J., McKenzie, J., & Jackson, R. (2007). Staff retention in child and family services: The role of leaders. Michigan State University School of Social Work. https://ncwwi.org/files/Leadership_and_Management/Workbook_1_Role_of_Leaders_in_Staff_Retention.pdf
- Augsberger, A., Schudrich, W., McGowan, B. G., & Auerbach, C. (2012). Respect in the workplace: A mixed methods study of retention and turnover in the voluntary child welfare sector. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(7), 1222–1229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.016
- Barak, M. E. M., Levin, A., Nissly, J. A., & Lane, C. J. (2006). Why do they leave? Modeling child welfare workers’ turnover intentions. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(5), 548–577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.06.003
- Barak, M. E. M., Nissly, J. A., & Levin, A. (2001). Antecedents to retention and turnover among child welfare, social work, and other human service employees: What can we learn from past research? A review and metanalysis. Social Service Review, 75(4), 625–661. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/323166
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Cahalane, H., & Sites, E. W. (2008). The climate of child welfare employee retention. Child Welfare, 87(1), 91–114.
- Dane, B. (2000). Child welfare workers: An innovative approach for interacting with secondary trauma. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(1), 27–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2000.10778987
- de Guzman, A., Carver-Roberts, T., Leake, R., & Rienks, S. (2019). Retention of child welfare workers: Staying strategies and supports. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(1), 60–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2019.1683121
- Depanfilis, D., & Zlotnik, J. L. (2008). Retention of front-line staff in child welfare: A systematic review of research. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(9), 995–1008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.12.017
- Edwards, F., & Wildeman, C. (2018). Characteristics of the front-line child welfare workforce. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 13–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.04.013
- Ellett, A. J. (2009). Intentions to remain employed in child welfare: The role of human caring, self-efficacy beliefs, and professional organizational culture. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(1), 78–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.07.002
- Ellett, A. J., Ellis, J. I., Westbrook, T. M., & Dews, D. (2007). A qualitative study of 369 child welfare professionals’ perspectives about factors contributing to employee retention and turnover. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(2), 264–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2006.07.005
- Ellett, A. J. S. (2000). Human caring, self-efficacy beliefs, and professional organizational culture correlates of employee retention in child welfare [Doctoral dissertation, Louisiana State University]. LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8262&context=gradschool_disstheses
- Elpers, K., & Westhuis, D. (2008). Organizational leadership and its impact on social workers‘ job satisfaction: A national study. Administration in Social Work, 32(3), 26–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03643100801922399
- Flower, C., McDonald, J., & Sumski, M. (2005). Review of turnover in Milwaukee county private agency child welfare ongoing case management staff. Milwaukee, WI: Bureau of Milwaukee Child Welfare.
- Fulcher, G. M., & Smith, R. J. (2010). Environmental correlates of public child welfare worker turnover. Administration in Social Work, 34(5), 442–457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03643107.2010.518530
- Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700021644
- Gomez, R. J., Travis, D. J., Ayers-Lopez, S., & Schwab, A. J. (2010). In search of innovation: A national qualitative analysis of child welfare recruitment and retention efforts. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(5), 664–671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.01.001
- Griffiths, A., Collins-Camargo, C., Horace, A., Gabbard, J., & Royse, D. (2020). A new perspective: Administrator recommendations for reducing child welfare turnover. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2020.1786760
- Griffiths, A., Desrosiers, P., Gabbard, J., Royse, D., & Piescher, K. (2019). Retention of child welfare caseworkers: The wisdom of supervisors. Child Welfare, 97(3), 61–83.
- Harris, M., & Fallot, R. (Eds.). (2001). Using trauma theory to design service systems. New directions for mental health services. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Johnco, C., Salloum, A., Olson, K. R., & Edwards, L. M. (2014). Youngster welfare workers’ perspectives on contributing factors to retention and turnover: Recommendations for improvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 47(3), 397–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.10.016
- Kusmaul, N., Wilson, B., & Nochajski, T. (2015). The infusion of trauma-informed care in organizations: Experience of agency staff. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(1), 25–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2014.968749
- Leake, R., Rienks, S., & Obermann, A. (2017). A deeper look at burnout in the child welfare workforce. Human Service Organizations Management, 41(5), 492–502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2017.1340385
- Madden, E. M., Scannapieco, M., & Painter, K. (2014). An examination of retention and length of employment among public child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 37–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.02.015
- McCrae, J. S., Scannapieco, M., & Obermann, A. (2015). Retention and job satisfaction of child welfare supervisors. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 171–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.011
- McSherry, D., Larkin, E., & Iwaniec, D. (2006). Care proceedings: Exploring the relationships between case duration and achieving permanency for the child. British Journal of Social Work, 36(6), 901–919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch362
- Middleton, J. S., & Potter, C. C. (2015). Relationship between vicarious traumatization and turnover among child welfare professionals. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 9(2), 195–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2015.1021987
- Nelson-Gardell, D., & Harris, D. (2003). Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare, 82(1), 5–26.
- Nissly, J. A., Barak, M. E. M., & Levin, A. (2005). Stress, social support, and workers’ intentions to leave their jobs in public child welfare. Administration in Social Work, 29(1), 79–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J147v29n01_06
- Park, T., & Pierce, B. (2020). Impacts of transformational leadership on turnover intentions of child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104624
- Potter, C. C., Leake, R., Longworth-Reed, L., Altschul, I., & Rienks, S. (2016). Measuring organizational health in child welfare agencies. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 31–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.002
- Rittschof, K. R., & Fortunato, V. J. (2015). The influence of transformational leadership and job burnout on child protective services case managers’ commitment and intent to quit. Journal of Social Service Research, 42(3), 372–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2015.1101047
- Rycraft, J. R. (1994). The party isn’t over: The agency role in the retention of public child welfare workers. Social Work, 39(1), 75–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/39.1.75
- Sedivy, J. A., Rienks, S., Leake, R., & He, A. S. (2019). Expanding our understanding of the role of peer support in child welfare workforce retention. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 14(1), 80–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2019.1658020
- Smith, B. D. (2005). Job retention in child welfare: Effects of perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and intrinsic job value. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(2), 153–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.08.013
- Strolin-Goltzman, J., Kollar, S., & Trinkle, J. (2010). Listening to the voices of children in foster care: Youths speak out about child welfare workforce turnover and selection. Social Work, 55(1), 47–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/55.1.47
- U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2003). Child welfare: HHS could play a greater role in helping child welfare agencies recruit and retain staff. Washington, DC: GAO.
- Westbrook, T. M., Ellis, J., & Ellett, A. J. (2006). Improving retention among public child welfare workers. Administration in Social Work, 30(4), 37–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J147v30n04_04
- Wilke, D. J., Radey, M., King, E., Spinelli, C., Rakes, S., & Nolan, C. R. (2018). A multi-level conceptual model to examine child welfare worker turnover and retention decisions. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 12(2), 204–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548732.2017.1373722
- Zeitlin, W., Augsberger, A., Auerbach, C., & McGowan, B. (2014). A mixed-methods study of the impact of organizational culture on workforce retention in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 38, 36–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.01.004