The caseworker as an external locus of hope for LGB youth in foster care

References

• Baams, L., Wilson, B. D. M., & Russell, S. T. (2019). LGBTQ youth in unstable housing and foster care. Pediatrics, 143(3). doi:10.1542/peds.2017-4211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnum, D. D., Snyder, C. R., Rapoff, M. A., Mani, M. M., & Thompson, R. (1998). Hope and social support in the psychological adjustment of pediatric burn survivors in matched controls. Children’s Health Care, 27(1), 15–30. doi:10.1207/s15326888chc2701_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, T. T., Joy, E. E., & Gundel, B. E. (2021). Clients hope for counseling as a predictor of outcomes in psychotherapy. The Counseling Psychologists, 49(8), 1126–1146. doi:10.1177/00110000211033255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, T. T., Scheel, M. J., & Cole, B. P. (2015). Development and validation of the Hope for Change Through Counseling Scale. The Counseling Psychologists, 43(5), 671–702. doi:10.1177/0011000015589190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, M. S., Hemming, E. J., McIntosh, H. C., & Hellman, C. M. (2017). Exploring the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and hope. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(8), 948–956. doi:10.1080/10538712.2017.1365319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardo, A. B. I. (2010). Extending hope theory: Internal and external locus of trait hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(8), 944–949. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences: Leveraging the Best Available Evidence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., & Naimark, B. (2010). Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health care utilization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 454–464. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S., & Powell, B. (2005). Small samples, big challenges: Studying atypical family forms. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(4), 926–935. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson Freeman, P. A. (2014). Prevalence and relationship between adverse childhood experiences and child behavior among young children. Infant Mental Health, 35(6), 544–554. doi:10.1002/imhj.21460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M., Spencer, R., & Ward, R. (2010). Supporting youth in the transition from foster care: Formal and informal connections. Child Welfare, 89(1), 125–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, S. L., Austin, A., Levenson, J., Leung, V. W. Y., Eaton, A. D., & D’souza, S. A. (2020). Frequencies and patterns of adverse childhood experiences in LGBTQ+ youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 104623. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, A. (2019). “If you can’t be with this client for some years, don’t do it:” Exploring the emotional and relational effects of turnover on youth in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 374–385. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.01.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirci, I. (2020). School engagement and well-being in adolescents: Mediating the roles of hope and social competence. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1573–1595. doi:10.1007/s12187-020-09722-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettlaff, A. J., Washburn, M., Carr, L. C., & Vogel, A. N. (2018). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth in welfare: Prevalence, risk, and outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 183–193. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, J. N., Baams, L., Wojciak, A. S., & Russell, S. T. (2019). Are sexual minority youth overrepresented in foster care, child welfare, and out-of-home placement? Findings from nationally representative data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 203–211. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020). Hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 329–355. doi:10.1002/jclp.22882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingrich-Phillbrook, C. (2015). On Dorian Street. Stories of Hope: Place, identity, exile, 199–124.
   Google Scholar
• Haight, W., Cho, M., Soffer-Elnekave, R., Nasshandi, N. J. C., & Sulieman, J. (2022). Moral injury experienced by emerging adults with child welfare histories in developmental and sociocultural contexts: “I knew the system was broken”. Children and Youth Services Review, 139, 106537. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellman, C., & Gwinn, C. (2017). Camp HOPE as an intervention for children exposed to domestic violence: A program evaluation of hope and strength of character. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(3), 269–276. doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0460-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo, C. V., Smith, E. G., Sellers, D. E., Holden, M. J., & Nunno, M. A. (2022). Promoting a relational approach to residential child care through an organizational program model: Impacts of CARE Implementation on staff outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 132, 106330. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmakis, K. A., & Chandler, G. E. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences: Towards a clear conceptual meaning. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(7), 1489–1501. doi:10.1111/jan.12329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassabøll, J., Pedersen, S. A., & Paulsen, V. (2021). What is known about the LGBTQ perspective in child welfare services: A scoping review. Child & Family Social Work, 27(2), 358–369. doi:10.1111/cfs.12894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layne, C. M., Greeson, J. K. P., Ostrowski, S. A., Soueun, K., Reading, S., Vivrette, R. L., … Pynnos, R. S. (2014). Cumulative trauma and exposure and high risk behavior in adolescence: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network core data set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(Suppl 1), S40–49. doi:10.1037/a0037799
   Google Scholar
• Margalit, M. (2010). Lonely children and adolescents: Self-perceptions, social exclusion, and hope. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6284-3
   Google Scholar
• Marques, S. C., & Lopez, S. J. (2018). Promoting hope in children. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 117–132). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marques, S. C., Lopez, S. J., Fontaine, A. M., Coimbra, S., & Mitchell, J. (2015). How much hope is enough? Level of hope and students’ psychological and school functioning. Psychology in Schools, 52(4), 325–334. doi:10.1002/pits.21833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M., Down, L., & Erney, R. (2016). Out of the shadows: Supporting LGBTQ youth in child welfare through cross-system collaboration. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick, A., Schmidt, K., & Terrazas, S. (2016). LGBTQ youth in the child welfare system: An overview of research, policy, and practice. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 11(1), 27–39. doi:10.1080/15548732.2016.1221368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkaš, M., & Brajša-Žganec, A. (2011). Children with different levels of hope: Are there differences in their self-esteem, life satisfaction, social support, and family cohesion. Indicators Research, 4(3), 499–514. doi:10.1007/s12187-011-9105-7
   Google Scholar
• Metzler, M., Merrick, M. T., Klevens, J., Ports, K. A., & Ford, D. C. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchum, P., & Moodie-Mills, A. C. (2014). Beyond bullying: How hostile school climate perpetuates the school-to-prison pipeline for LGBT youth. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, R. T., Hanks, H., & Hellman, C. (2020). Hope and resilience as distinct contributors to psychological flourishing among childhood trauma survivors. Traumatology, 26(2), 177–184. doi:10.1037/trm0000224
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, R. T., Pearson, L. C., Hellman, C. M., McIntosh, H. C., Khojasteh, J., & Fox, M. D. (2018). Adverse childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress as an antecedent of anxiety and lower hope. Traumatology, 24(3), 209. doi:10.1037/trm0000149
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, R. T., Quinton, K., Worley, J., & Hellman, C. M. (2019). Locus of hope: External hope in parents/guardians as an antecedent of adolescents’ internal hope and life satisfaction. Child Indicators Research, 12(3), 1107–1124. doi:10.1007/s12187-018-9566-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock, T. B., & Bolch, M. B. (2005). Risk and protective factors for poor school adjustment in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) high school youth: Variable and person-centered analyses. Psychology in the Schools, 42(2), 159–172. doi:10.1002/pits.20054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale, A. P. (in press). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual people in forensic settings. In D. A. McLeod, A. P. Natale, & K. W. Bolton (Eds.), The Handbook of Forensic Social Work Practice. Chicago, IL: Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A. D., Standiford, T., & Deshpande, S. (2018). Hope and stress resilience. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 255–286). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, J. C. (2020). Exploring support for LGBTQ youth transitioning from foster care to emerging adulthood. Children & Youth Services Review, 119, 105481. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petruccelli, K., Davis, J., & Berman, T. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 97, 104127. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, D. M., Ray-Novak, M., Gillani, B., & Peterson, E. (2021). Sexual and gender minority youth in foster care: An evidence-based theoretical, conceptual model of disproportionality and psychological comorbidities. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(5), 1–15. doi:10.1177/154248380211013129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragg, D. M., Patrick, D., & Ziefert, M. (2006). Slamming the closet door: Working with gay and lesbian youth in care. Child Welfare League of America, 85(2), 243–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand, K. L. (2018). Hope, self-efficacy, and optimism: Conceptual and empirical differences. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 45–58). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, R. (2019). Social networks of youth transitioning from foster care to adulthood. Children and Youth Services Review, 107, 104520. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, V., & Murphey, D. (2018). The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences, nationally, by state, and by race/ethnicity. Child Trends. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/prevalence-adverse-childhood-experiences-nationally-state-race-ethnicity
   Google Scholar
• Saewyc, E. M., Skay, C. L., Pettingell, S. L., Reis, E. A., Bearinger, L., Resnick, M., Combs, L. (2006). Hazards of stigma: The sexual and psychical abuse of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents in the United States and Canada. Child Welfare, 85(2), 195–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, K. L., & Lopez, S. J. (2011). Positive pathways to adulthood: Trole of hope in adolescents’ constructions of their futures. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 41, 69–88. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00004-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnarrs, P. W., Stone, A. L., Salcido, R., Baldwin, A., Georgiou, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2019). Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and quality of physical and mental health between transgender and cisgender minorities. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 119, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shpiegel, S., & Simmel, C. (2016). Functional outcomes among sexual minority youth emancipating from the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 11–28. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., & Sympson, S. C. (1997). Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 1(2), 107–118. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.107
   Google Scholar
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, s4(1), 25338. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
   Google Scholar
• Strolin-Goltzman, J., Kollar, S., & Trinkle, J. (2010). Listening to the voices of children in foster care: Youths speak out about child welfachildren’s voices and selection. Social Work, 55(1), 47–53. doi:10.1093/sw/55.1.47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulimani-Aidan, Y., Melkman, E., & Hellman, C. M. (2019). Nurturing the hope of youth in care: The contribution of mentoring. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(2), 134. doi:10.1037/ort0000320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sympson, S. (1999). Validation of the Domain Specific Hope Scale: Exploring hope in life domains. University of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Tuck, E. (2009). Suspending damage: A letter to communities. Harvard Educational Review, 79(3), 409–428. doi:10.17763/haer.79.3.n0016675661t3n15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care: Evidence from a nationally representative survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 64, 117–119. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, B. D. M., & Kastanis, A. A. (2015). Sexual and gender minority disproportionality and disparities in child welfare: A population-based study. Children and Youth Services Review, 58, 11–17. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar