273
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research

Instagramming the Political Image: Visual Campaigning Strategies of Successful Opposition Candidates in Turkey’s 2019 Mayoral Elections

Pages 125-139 | Received 26 Dec 2021, Accepted 07 Apr 2022, Published online: 10 Jul 2023

References

  • Andı, S., Aytaç, S. E., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2020). Internet and social media use and political knowledge: Evidence from Turkey. Mediterranean Politics, 25(5), 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2019.1635816
  • Aytaç, S. E.,& Elçi, E. (2019). Populism in Turkey. In D. Stockemer (Ed.), Populism around the world. Springer.
  • Barnhurst, K. G., & Quinn, K. (2012). Political visions: Visual studies in political communication. In H. A. Semetko & M. Scammell (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of political communication (pp. 276–291). SAGE.
  • Bode, L., & Dalrymple, K. (2016). Politics in 140 characters or less: Campaign communication, network interaction, and political participation in Twitter. Journal of Political Marketing, 15(4), 311–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.959686
  • Bode, L., & Vraga, E. K. (2018). Studying politics across media. Political Communication, 35(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334730.
  • Bogaards, M. (2009). How to classify hybrid regimes? Defective democracy and electoral authoritarianism. Democratization, 16(2), 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340902777800
  • Bossetta, M. (2018). The digital architectures of social media: Comparing political campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 471–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763307
  • Bozlagan, R. (2013). The local elections in Turkey and their importance to Turkish politics. Al Jazeera Center For Studies. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/reports/documents/201310277109845734Turkey.pdf
  • Brantner, C., Lobinger, K., & Wetzstein, I. (2011). Effects of visual framing and evaluations of news stories on emotional responses about the Gaza conflict 2009. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(3), 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769901108800304
  • Caple, H. (2020). Image-centric practices on Instagram: Subtle shifts in “footing.” In H. Stöckl et al. (Eds.), Shifts toward image-centricity in contemporary multimodal practices (pp. 153–176) Routledge.
  • Çarkoğlu, A., Baruh, L., & Yıldırım, K. (2014). Press-party parallelism and polarization of news media during an election campaign: The case of the 2011 Turkish elections. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(3), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214528994
  • Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University Press.
  • Cmeciu, C. (2014). Beyond the online faces of Romanian candidates for the 2014 European Parliament elections—a visual framing analysis of Facebook photographic images [Conference session]. The Third International Conference on Argumentation and Rhetoric, Oradea/Nagyvárad, Romania.
  • Coleman, R., & Banning, S. (2006). Network TV news’ affective framing of the presidential candidates: Evidence for a second-level agenda-setting effect through visual framing. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300206
  • Costa, P. O. (2009). Barack Obama’s use of the Internet is transforming political communication. Quaderns Del CAC, pp. 35–41, https://www.cac.cat/sites/default/files/2019-04/Q33_Costa_EN.pdf
  • Degenhard, J. (2021, July 20). Instagram users in Turkey 2017–2025. Statista. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1138721/instagram-users-in-turkey
  • Eldin, A. K. (2016). Instagram role in influencing youth opinion in 2015 election campaign in Bahrain. European Scientific Journal, 12(2), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p245
  • Esen, B., and Gumuscu, S. (2019). Killing competitive authoritarianism softly: The 2019 local elections in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 24(3), 317–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2019.1691318
  • Farkas, X., & Bene, M. (2021). Images, politicians, and social media: Patterns and effects of politicians’ image-based political communication strategies on social media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220959553
  • Filimonov, K., Russmann, U., & Svensson, J. (2016). Picturing the party: Instagram and party campaigning in the 2014 Swedish Elections. Social Media + Society, 2(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116662179
  • Freedom House. (2014). Freedom of the Press 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP_2014.pdf
  • Gall, C. (2019, June 26). How a message of unity and mistakes by Erdogan tipped the Istanbul election. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/world/europe/istanbul-mayor-imamoglu-erdogan.html
  • Goldbeck, J., Grimes, J. M., & Rogers, A. (2010). Twitter use by the U.S. Congress. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61, 1,612–1,621.
  • Goodnow, T. (2013). Facing off: A comparative analysis of Obama and Romney Facebook timeline photographs. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1,584–1,595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213489013
  • Gordillo-Rodriguez, M. T., & Bellido-Perez, E. (2021). Politicians [sic] self-representation on Instagram: The professional and the humanized candidate during 2019 Spanish elections. Observatorio (OBS), 15(1), 109–136.
  • Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Highfield, T., & Leaver, T. (2015). A methodology for mapping Instagram hashtags. First Monday, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i1.5563
  • Jackson, N., & Lilleker, D. (2011). Microblogging, constituency service and impression management: UK MPs and the use of Twitter. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 17(1), 86–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2011.545181
  • Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. New York University Press.
  • Kemahlıoğlu, Ö., & Özdemir, E. (2018). Municipal control as incumbency advantage: An analysis of the AKP era. In S. Sayarı, P. Ayan-Musil, & Ö. Demirkol (Eds.), Party politics in Turkey (pp. 116–135). Routledge.
  • Konda. (2019a). Media report. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from https://konda.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/KONDA_MediaReport_LS2018.pdf
  • Konda. (2019b). Ballot box analysis of the 23 June Istanbul election and voter profiles. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from https://konda.com.tr/en/rapor/ballot-box-analysis-of-the-23-june-istanbul-election-and-voter-profiles/
  • Konda. (2019c). Nisan’19 Barometresi: 31 Mart Yerel Seçimlerinin Sayısal Analizi [April ’19 Barometer: Quantitative analysis of 31 March local elections]. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from https://konda.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/1904Nisan_Barometre_97_Kamuoyu.pdf
  • Kuyucu, M. (2019). The social media revolution in political communication: A case study about the Turkish local elections of March 2019. Athens: ATINER’S Conference Paper Series, No: MED2019-2692, http://www.atiner.gr/papers/MED2019-2692.pdf
  • Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2019). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 888–924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217744838
  • Liebhart, K., & Bernhardt, P. (2017). Political storytelling on Instagram: Key aspects of Alexander Van der Bellen’s successful 2016 presidential election campaign. Media and Communication, 5(4), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i4.1062
  • Lowen, M. (2019, June 23) Istanbul mayoral re-run: Millions vote in election key for Erdogan. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48734579
  • McAllister, I. (2007). The personalization of politics. In D. J. Russel & H. D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political behavior (pp. 571–588). Oxford University Press.
  • Melek, G. (2017). A study on Hürriyet and Twitter within the framework of intermedia agenda-setting. Journal of Communication Theory and Research, 44, 17–41.
  • Melek, G., & İşeri, E. (2021). When a polarized media system meets a pandemic: Framing the political discord over COVID-19 aid campaigns in Turkey. In P. Van Aelst & J. G. Blumler (Eds.), Political communication in the time of Coronavirus (pp. 136–154). Routledge.
  • Melek, G., & Müyesseroğlu, E. (2021). Political storytelling of Ekrem İmamoğlu on Instagram during 2019 Istanbul mayoral elections in Turkey. Visual Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2021.1975501
  • Metz, M., Kruikemeier, S., & Lecheler, S. (2019). Personalization of politics on Facebook: Examining the content and effects of professional, emotional and private self-personalization. Information, Communication and Society, 23(10), 1,481–1,498. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1581244
  • Muñoz, C. L., & Towner, T. L. (2017). The image is the message: Instagram marketing and the 2016 presidential primary season. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(3–4), 290–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2017.1334254
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf
  • Peng, Y. (2021). What makes politicians’ Instagram posts popular? Analyzing social media strategies of candidates and office holders with computer vision. International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(1), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964769
  • Pineda, A., Bellido-Pérez, E., & Barragán-Romero, A. I. (2020). “Backstage moments during the campaign”: The interactive use of Instagram by Spanish political leaders. New Media & Society, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820972390
  • Plasser, F. (2009). Political consulting worldwide. In D. W. Johnson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of political management (pp. 24–41). Routledge.
  • Raynauld, V., & Lalancette, M. (2021). Pictures, filters, and politics: Instagram’s role in political image making and storytelling in Canada. Visual Communication Quarterly, 28(4), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15551393.2021.1986827
  • Reporters Without Borders. (2020). 2020 World Press Freedom Index. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://rsf.org/en/ranking
  • Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684
  • Russmann, U. (2012). Online political discourse on Facebook: An analysis of political campaign communication in Austria. Journal for Political Consulting and Policy Advice, 3, 115–125.
  • Russmann, U. (2020) A moving target: The methodological challenges of studying political actors on Instagram. NTNU. Retrieved April 3, 2022, from www.ntnu.no/blogger/realsocialmedia/2020/09/28/a-moving-targetthe-methodological-challenges-of-studying-political-actors-oninstagram/
  • Russmann, U., & Svensson, J. (2016). How to study Instagram? Reflections on coding visual communication online [Conference session]. The Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government, Krems, Austria.
  • Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Schill, D. (2012). The visual image and the political image: A review of visual communication research in the field of political communication. Review of Communication, 12(2), 118–142.
  • Seymour-Ure, C. (1974). The political impact of mass media. SAGE.
  • Stanyer, J. (2008). Elected representatives, online self-preservation and the personal vote: Party, personality and webstyles in the United States and the United Kingdom. Information, Communication and Society, 11, 414–432.
  • Statista Research Department. (2022a, March 8). Countries with the most Instagram users 2022. Statista. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/578364/countries-with-most-instagram-users/
  • Statista Research Department. (2022b, March 8). Global social networks ranked by number of users 2022. Statista. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users./
  • Steffan, D. (2020). Visual self-presentation strategies of political candidates on social media platforms: A comparative study. International Journal of Communication, 14, 3,096–3,118.
  • Stöckl, H., Caple, H., & Pflaeging, J. (Eds.). (2020). Shifts towards image-centricity in contemporary multimodal practices. Routledge.
  • Svensson, J., & Larsson, A. O. (2016). Interacting with whom? Swedish parliamentarians on Twitter during the 2014 Elections. International Journal of E-Politics, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEP.2016010101
  • Sweetser, K. D., & Lariscy, R. W. (2008). Candidates make good friends: An analysis of candidates’ uses of Facebook. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2(3), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/15531180802178687
  • Towner, T. L. (2013). All political participation is socially networked? New Media and the 2012 election. Social Science Computer Review, 31(5), 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313489656
  • Turnbull-Dugarte, S. J. (2019). Selfies, policies, or votes? Political party use of Instagram in the 2015 and 2016 Spanish general elections. Social Media + Society, 5(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119826129
  • Uluçay, D. M., & Melek, G. (2021). Self-presentation strategies and the visual framing of political leaders on Instagram: Evidence from the eventful 2019 Istanbul mayoral elections. Visual Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572211057595
  • Veneti, A., Jackson, D., & Lilleker, D. G. (2019). Visual political communication. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • We Are Social. (2021). Digital 2021 Turkey. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-turkey
  • Williams, C. B., & Gulati, G. J. (2013). Social networks in political campaigns: Facebook and the congressional elections of 2006 and 2008. New Media & Society, 15(1), 52–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457332
  • Yıldırım, K., Baruh, L., & Çarkoğlu, A. (2021). Dynamics of campaign reporting and press-party parallelism: Rise of competitive authoritarianism and the media system in Turkey. Political Communication, 38(3), 326–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1765913
  • Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK) [Supreme Election Council]. (2019). 23 Haziran 2019 İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı Yenileme Seçimi [23 June 2019 Istanbul Metropolitan Mayorship Renewal Election]. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.ysk.gov.tr/doc/dosyalar/docs/2019MahalliIdareler/KesinSecimSonuclari/2019Mahalli-IBB.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.