Using Existing Employee Assistance Program Case Files to Demonstrate Outcomes

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised , 4th ed. ). Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Attridge , M. , & Amaral , T. (2003, October). Making the business case for EAPs: A review of research and methods . Paper presented at the 2003 EAPA Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Babor , T. , Higgins-Biddle , J. , Saunders , J. , & Monteiro , M. ( 2001 ). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care (WHO/MNH/DAT 89.4) . Geneva , Switzerland : World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Back-Tamburo , M. ( 2005 ). An examination of clinical outcomes from employee assistance program and work/life product integration . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Social Work , Baltimore , MD .
   Google Scholar
• Bacon , S. F. , Collins , M. J. , & Plake , E. V. ( 2002 ). Does the global assessment of functioning assess functioning? Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 24 ( 3 ), 202 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Baltimore Sun . ( 2010 , June 1 ). The recession's psychological toll: Layoffs, workplace uncertainty stress workers and companies . Retrieved from http://behavioralhealthcentral.com/index.php/20100601225160/Business-News/the-recessions-psychological-toll-layoffs-workplace-uncertainty-stress-workers-and-companies-the-baltimore-sun.html
   Google Scholar
• Blum , T. , & Roman , P. M. ( 1992 ). A description of clients using employee assistance programs . Alcohol Health and Research World , 16 ( 2 ), 120 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyce , R. W. ( 2008 ). An ergonomic approach to the aging workforce utilizing valuable resource to best advantage by integrating ergonomics, health promotion and EAPs . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 23 ( 1/2 ), 179 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , R. , & Rounds , L. ( 1995 ). Conjoint screening questionnaires for alcohol and other drug abuse: Criterion validity in primary care practice . Wisconsin Medical Journal , 94 ( 3 ), 135 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton , W. , Chen , C. , Conti , D. , Schultz , A. , Pransky , G. , & Edington , D. ( 2005 ). The association of health risks with on-the-job productivity . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 47 ( 8 ), 769 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csiernik , R. ( 2003 ). Employee assistance program utilization: Developing a comprehensive scorecard . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 18 ( 3 ), 45 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Csiernik , R. , Hannah , D. , & Pender , J. ( 2007 ). Change, evolution, and adaptation of a university EAP: Process and outcome at the University of Saskatchewan . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 22 ( 2/3 ), 43 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Dembe , A. E. , Dugan , E. , Mutschler , P. , & Piktialis , D. ( 2008 ). Employer perceptions of elder care assistance programs . Journal of Work place Behavioral Health , 23 ( 4 ), 359 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrov , M. D. , & Rumrill , P. D. ( 2003 ). Pretest-posttest designs and measurement of change . Work , 20 , 159 – 165 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dixon , C. G. , Richard , M. A. , & Rollins , C. ( 2003 ). Contemporary issues facing aging Americans: Implications for rehabilitation and mental health counseling . Journal of Rehabilitation , 69 , 5 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endicott , J. , & Nee , J. ( 1997 ). Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS): A new measure to assess treatment effects . Psychopharmacology Bulletin , 33 , 13 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endicott , J. , Spitzer , R. L. , & Cohen , J. ( 1976 ). The Global Assessment Scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance . Archives of General Psychiatry , 33 , 766 – 771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing , J. (1984). Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire. Journal of the American Medical Association , 252, 1905–1907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farris , T. ( 2003 ). A new approach to EAP pricing: Value-based pricing models create incentives for EAPs to increase utilization and help employers understand the benefits EAPs provide . Journal of Employee Assistance , 33 ( 2 ), 24 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• French , M. T. , Dunlap , L. J. , Roman , P. M. , & Steele , P. D. ( 1997 ). Factors that influence the use and perceptions of employee assistance programs at six worksites . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 2 ( 4 ), 312 – 324 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goetzel , R. , Shechter , D. , Ozminkowski , R. , Marmet , P. , Tabrizi , M. , & Roener , E. ( 2007 ). Promising practices in employer health and productivity management efforts: Findings from a benchmarking study . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 49 ( 2 ), 111 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood , K. L. , DeWeese , P. , & Inscoe , P. S. ( 2005 ). Demonstrating the value of EAP services: A focus on clinical outcomes . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 21 ( 1 ), 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave , G. E. , & Hiatt , D. ( 2004 ). The EAP treatment of depressed employees: Implications for return on investment . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 19 ( 4 ), 39 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Hargrave , G. E. , Hiatt , D. , Alexander , R. , & Shaffer , I. A. ( 2008 ). EAP treatment impact on presenteeism and absenteeism: Implications for return on investment . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 23 ( 3 ), 283 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Harlow , K. C. ( 2006 ). The effectiveness of a problem resolution and brief counseling EAP intervention . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 22 ( 1 ), 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , M. M. , & Fennell , M. L. ( 1988 ). Perceptions of an employee assistance program and employees' willingness to participate . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 24 ( 4 ), 423 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , S. M. , Adams , M. , Hill , L. , Morgan , M. , & Soliz , C. ( 2002 ). Beyond customer satisfaction: A randomized EAP outcome study . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 17 ( 4 ), 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , J. M. , & Attridge , M. ( 2010 ). Employee assistance programs (EAPs): An allied profession for work/life . In S. Sweet & J. Casey (Eds.), Sloan work and family research network . Retrieved from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=17296&area=All
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , J. M. , & Jones , A. ( 2010 ). Standards for the EAP profession: Isn't it time we all start speaking the same language . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 25 , 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , S. H. , Thornicroft , G. , Coffey , M. , & Dunn , G. ( 1995 ). A brief mental health outcome scale: Reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) . British Journal of Psychiatry , 166 ( 5 ), 654 – 659 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorgensen , D. G. ( 2007 ). Demonstrating EAP value . Journal of Employee Assistance , 37 ( 3 ), 24 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , J. P. ( 2008 ). Diagnosis and referral of workplace depression . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 50 , 396 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Ames , M. , Hymel , P. A. , Loeppke , R. , McKenas , D. K. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Using the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) to evaluate the indirect workplace costs of illness . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 56 , S23 – S37 .
   Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Barber , C. , Beck , A. , Berglund , P. , Cleary , P. D. , et al.. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 45, 156–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , & Stang , P. E. ( 2006 ). Future directions in health and work productivity research . In R. C. Kessler & P. E. Stang (Eds.), Health and work productivity: Making the business case for quality health care (pp. 271 – 286 ). Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Koopman , C. , Pelletier , K. R. , Murray , J. F. , Sharda , C. E. , Berger , M. L. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 44 , 14 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke , K. , Spitzer , R. L. , & Williams , J. B. W. ( 2003 ). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener . Medical Care , 41 ( 11 ), 1284 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennox , R. D. , Sharar , D. , & Burke , J. ( 2009 ). Measuring workplace outcomes in EAPs . Journal of Employee Assistance , 39 ( 4 ), 18 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Lennox , R. D. , Sharar , D. , Schmitz , E. , & Goehner , D. B. ( 2010 ). Development and validation of the Chestnut Global Partners Workplace Outcome Suite . Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health , 25 , 107 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , D. , Adler , D. A. , Chang , H. , Lapitsky , L. , Hood , M. Y. , Perissinotto , C. , Rogers , W. H. ( 2004 ). Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression . Psychiatric Services , 55 ( 12 ), 1371 – 1378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner , D. , Amick , B. C. III , Rogers , W. H. , Malspeis , S. , Bungay , K. , & Cynn , D. ( 2001 ). The Work Limitations Questionnaire . Medical Care , 39 , 72 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , L. L. , & Kettner , R. M. ( 1996 ). Measuring the performance of human services programs . London , UK : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Masi , D. A. , & Jacobson , J. M. ( 2003 ). Outcome measurement of an integrated employee assistance and work-life program . Research on Social Work Practice , 13 ( 4 ), 451 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. ( 2001 ). Counselling in the workplace: The facts: A systematic study of the research evidence . Rugby , UK : British Association for Counseling and Psychotherapy .
   Google Scholar
• Monette , D. , Sullivan , T. , & DeJong , C. ( 2008 ). Applied social research: A tool for the human services ( , 7th ed. ). Belmont , CA : Thompson Wadsworth Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , L. , Parnass , P. , Mitchell , D. L. , Hallett , R. , Cayley , P. , & Seagram , S. ( 2009 ). Client satisfaction and outcome comparisons of online and face-to-face counseling methods . British Journal of Social Work , 39 , 627 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netemeyer , R. G. , Boles , J. S. , & McMurian , R. ( 1996 ). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 , 400 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niv , N. , Cohen , A. N. , Sullivan , G. , & Young , A. S. ( 2007 ). The MIRECC version of the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale: Reliability and validity . Psychiatric Services , 58 ( 4 ), 529 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North American Industry Classification System . ( 2007 ). 2007 NAICS . Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?chart=2007
   Google Scholar
• Owens , D. ( 2007 , May ). Exploring retirement . HRMagazine , 1 – 3 . Retrieved from http://www.myplanafter50.com/userdocs/media/HRMagazineExploringRet5-2007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier , K. R. (2005). A review and analysis of clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: Update IV 2000–2004. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 47(10), 1051–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips , S. ( 2004 ). Client satisfaction with university employee assistance programs . Employee Assistance Quarterly , 19 ( 4 ), 59 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Pilette , P. ( 2005 ). Presenteeism and productivity: Two reasons employee assistance programs make good business sense . Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association , 8 , 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Pompe , J. C. , & Sharar , D. ( 2008 ). Preparing for the challenges of research . Journal of Employee Assistance , 38 ( 2 ), 7 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Pompe , J. C. , & Thomas , R. ( 2008 , November ). Now more than ever: EAP's critical role during and following a layoff . Employee Assistance Report. Retrieved from http://www.eapassn.org/files/public/layoff1109.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Richard , M. A. ( 2009 ). EAP and an aging workforce . In M. A. Richard , W. G. Emener , & W. S. Hutchinson (Eds.), Employee assistance programs: Wellness/enhancement programming , (pp. 140 – 147 ). Springfield , IL : Charles C Thomas Publisher, Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Roman , P. M. ( 2007 , May ). Underdeveloped workplace opportunities for Employee Assistance Programs. Paper presented at the Annual Institute of the Employee Assistance Society of North America, Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Rothermel , S. , Slavit , W. , Finch , R. , Marlo , K. , & Dan , D. ( 2008 ). An employers' guide to employee assistance programs: Recommendations for strategically defining, integrating and measuring employee assistance programs . Washington , DC : National Business Group on Health . Retrieved from http://www.easna.org/documents/PS2-NBGRecommendationsforDefiningandMeasuringEAPs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Seidl , W. ( 2010 ). The evidence-based practice continuum in employee assistance . Journal of Employee Assistance , 40 ( 2 ), 20 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Selvik , R. , Stephenson , D. , Plaza , C. , & Sugden , B. ( 2004 ). EAP impact on work, relationship, and health outcomes . Journal of Employee Assistance , 34 ( 2 ), 18 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharar , D. ( 2009 ). Do employee assistance programs duplicate with services offered through mental health benefit plans? Compensational Benefits Review , 41 ( 1 ), 67 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharar , D. , & Lennox , R. ( 2009 , September 24 ). A new measure of EAP success . Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). Retrieved from http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/benefits/Articles/Pages/EAPmetrics.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Slaymaker , V. J. , & Owen , P. L. ( 2006 ). Employed men and women substance abusers: Job troubles and treatment outcomes . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 31 , 347 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Startup , M. , Jackson , M. , & Bendix , S. ( 2002 ). The concurrent validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 41 , 417 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele , P. ( 1998, September ). Employee assistance programs: Then, now, and in the future. Paper presented at the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention's Knowledge Exchange Workshop, Tacoma, WA. Retrieved from http://www.workplace.samhsa.gov/Prevention/Files/Synopsis_Overview/EAP_Then_Now_Future.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson , D. , Bingaman , D. , Plaza , C. , Selvik , R. , Sugden , B. , & Ross , C. (2003). Implementation and evaluation of a formal telephone counseling protocol in an employee assistance program. Employee Assistance Quarterly , 19(2), 19–33.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 2006 ). Results from the 2005 national survey on drug use and health: National findings . (No. SMA 06–4194) . Rockville , MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Tisone , C. ( 2008 ). A call to action . Journal of Employee Assistance , 23 ( 3 ), 205 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Vatnaland , T. , Vatnaland , J. , Friis , S. , & Opjordsmoen , S. ( 2007 ). Are GAF scores reliable in routine clinical use? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 115 , 326 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , P. S. , Simon , G. E. , & Kessler , R. C. ( 2008 ). Making the business case for enhanced depression care: The National Institute of Mental Health-Harvard outcomes research and cost-effectiveness study . Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine , 50 ( 4 ), 468 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yandrick , R. M. ( 1992 , July ). Taking inventory: Process and outcome studies . EAPA Exchange , 22 – 35 .
   Google Scholar