Occupational and Organizational Issues in Emergency Medical Services Behavioral Health

REFERENCES

• Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health . ( 2007 ). Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder . Melbourne , Australia : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Beaton , R. D. , & Murphy , S. A. ( 1993 ). Sources of occupational stress among firefighter/EMTs and firefighter/paramedics and correlations with job-related outcomes . Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , 8 , 140 – 150 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bisson , J. I. , Jenkins , P. L. , Alexander , J. , & Bannister , C. ( 1997 ). A randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute harm . British Journal of Psychiatry , 171 , 78 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe , B. E. ( 2003 ). Critical incident stress management: Benefit or risk for emergency services? Prehospital Emergency Care , 7 , 272 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. ( 2004 ). Loss, trauma, and human resilience - Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist , 59 , 20 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Rose , S. , Andrews , B. , Green , J. , Tata , P. , McEvedy , C. , et al. ( 2002 ). British Journal of Psychiatry , 181 , 158 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brymer , M. , Jacobs , A. , Layne , C. , Pynoos , R. , Ruzek , J. , Steinberg , A. , et al. ( 2006 ). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide (.) , 2nd ed . National Center for PTSD. Retrieved December 31, 2007, at http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/manuals/PFA_2ndEditionwithappendices.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Devilly , G. J. , & Cotton , P. ( 2004 ). Caveat emptor, caveat venditor, and critical incident stress debriefing/management (CISD/M) . Australian Psychologist , 39 , 35 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilly , G. D. , Gist , R. , & Cotton , P. ( 2006 .) Ready! fire! aim! Psychological debriefing services and intervention in the workplace . Review of General Psychology , 10 , 318 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Emergency Management Agency . ( 2007 ). National Incident Management System (Draft 2007 Revisions). Accessed December 31, 2007, at http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/nims_doc.shtm .
   Google Scholar
• Frasure-Smith , N. , Lespérance , F. , Gravel , G. , Masson , A. , Juneau , M. , & Bourassa , M. G. ( 2002 ). Long-term survival differences among low-anxious, high-anxious and repressive copers enrolled in the Montreal heart attack readjustment trial . Psychosomatic Medicine , 64 , 571 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginzburg , K. , Solomon , Z. , & Bleich , A. ( 2002 ). Repressive coping style and adjustment following myocardial infarction (MI) . Psychosomatic Medicine , 64 , 748 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gist , R. ( 2002 ). What have they done to my song? Social science, social movements, and the debriefing debates . Cognitive & Behavioral Practice , 9 , 273 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gist , R. , & Taylor , V. H. ( 1996 ). Line-of-duty deaths and their effect on co-workers and their families . Police Chief , 63 ( 5 ), 34 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Gist , R. , & Woodall , S. J. ( 1995 ). Occupational stress in contemporary fire service . Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Review , 10 , 763 – 787 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gist , R. , & Woodall , S. J. ( 1999 ). There are no simple answers to complex problems: The rise and fall of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing as a response to occupational stress in the fire service . In R. Gist & B. Lubin (Eds.), Response to disaster: Psychosocial, community, and ecological approaches (pp. 211 – 235 ). Philadelphia : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Gist , R. , Woodall , S. J. , & Magenheimer , L. K. ( 1999 ). And then you do the Hokey-Pokey and you turn yourself around…  . In R. Gist & B. Lubin (Eds.), Response to disaster: Psychosocial, community, and ecological approaches (pp. 269 – 290 ). Philadelphia : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , M. J. , & Litz , B. T. ( 2005 ). Behavioral interventions for recent trauma: Empirically informed practice guidelines . Behavior Modification , 29 , 189 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern , J. , Gurevich , M. , Brazeau , P. , Bishop , S. , & Schwartz , B. ( 2006 ). Rethinking critical incident stress: Coping strategies in emergency medical services personnel. In Abstracts of NAEMSP 2006 Annual Meeting . Prehospital Emergency Care , 10 , 107 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , T. H. , & Rahe , R. H. ( 1967 ). The social readjustment rating scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 11 , 213 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . ( 2007 ). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence . Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Association of Fire Fighters/International Association of Fire Chiefs . ( 1997 ). Joint labor management health, wellness, & fitness initiative . Washington , DC : Authors .
   Google Scholar
• Levitt , J. T. , Malta , L. S. , Martin , A. , & Cloitre , M. ( 2007 ). The flexible application of a manualized treatment for PTSD symptoms and functional impairment related to the 9/11 World Trade Center attack . Behavior Research and Therapy , 45 , 1419 – 1433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld , S. O. ( 2007 ). Psychological treatments that cause harm . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 2 , 53 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz , B. T. , Engel , C. C. , Bryant , R. A. , & Papa , A. ( 2007 ). A randomized, controlled proof-of-concept trial of an internet-based, therapist-assisted self management treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 , 1676 – 1683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr , J. M. , Hooke , W. , Gist , R. , & Tolin , D. F. ( 2002 ). Novel and controversial treatments for trauma-related disorders . In S. O. Lilienfeld , J. M. Lohr , & S. J. Lynn (Eds.), Science and pseudoscience in contemporary clinical psychology (pp. 243 – 272 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mayou , R. A. , Ehlers , A. , & Hobbs , M. ( 2000 ). Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims: Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial . British Journal of Psychiatry , 176 , 589 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally , R. J. , Bryant , R. A. , & Ehlers , A. ( 2003 ). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 4 ( 2 ).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell , J. T. ( 1983 ). When disaster strikes…  . Journal of Emergency Medical Services , 8 ( 1 ), 36 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell , J. T. ( 1992 ). Protecting your people from critical incident stress . Fire Chief , 36 ( 5 ), 61 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. T. ( 2002 ). Critical incident stress management . In A. Kuehl (Ed.), Prehospital systems and medical oversight ( , 2nd ed., pp. 914 – 921 ). Dubuque , IA : Kendall Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. T. , & Everly , G. S. , Jr. ( 1993 ). Critical incident stress debriefing: An operations manual the prevention of traumatic stress among emergency services and disaster workers . Ellicott City , MD : Chevron Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence . ( 2005 ). The management of PTSD in adults and children (Guideline No. 26). London : National Health Service .
   Google Scholar
• National Fire Protection Association . ( 2007 ). NFPA 1500: Standard on fire department occupational safety and health programs . Quincy , MA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• National Volunteer Fire Council . ( 2004 ). Health and wellness guide for the volunteer fire service . Emmitsburg, MD: United States Fire Administration. Available online at http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa-267.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Parry , G. ( 2001 ). Evidence based clinical practice guidelines for treatment choice in psychological therapies and counselling . London : U.K. Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Perrin , M. A. , DiGrande , L. , Wheeler , K. , Thorpe , L. , Farfel , M. , & Brackbill , R. ( 2007 ). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 , 1385 – 1394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , E. C. (Chair). ( 2002 ). Mental health and mass violence: Evidence-based intervention for victims/survivors of mass violence (NIH Publication No. 02–5138). Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , S. , Bisson , J. , Churchill , R. , & Wessely , S. ( 2007 ). Psychological debriefing for prevention posttraumatic stress disorder . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Issue 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , G. M. , & Lilienfeld , S. O. ( 2008 ). Posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical evaluation of core assumptions . Clinical Psychology Review 28 , 837 – 868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , G. M. , Spitzer , R. L. , & McHugh , P. R. (2008). Problems with the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis and its future in DSM-V. British Journal of Psychiatry , 192, 1–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summerfield , D. ( 2001 ). The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category . British Medical Journal , 322 , 95 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. E. , and Lobel , M. ( 1989 ). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts . Psychological Review , 96 , 569 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodall , S. J. ( 1997 ). Hearts on fire: An exploration of the emotional world of firefighters . Clinical Sociology Review , 15 , 153 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Commissioned by the National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians and first published by NAEMSP as: Gist, R., & Taylor, V. H. (2008). Prevention and intervention for psychologically stressful events. In D. Cone, R. O'Connor, & R. Fowler (Eds.), Prehospital medicine: Clinical practice and systems oversight. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. Further reproduction is prohibited.
   Google Scholar