Mutual-Help Groups for Dually Diagnosed Individuals: Rationale, Description, and Review of the Evidence

REFERENCES

• Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 1939 . Alcoholics Anonymous: The story of how thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism , 3rd , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• AA . 1953 . Twelve steps and twelve traditions , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• AA . 1984 . Pass it on: The story of Bill Wilson and how the AA message reached the world , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• AA . 2001 . Alcoholics Anonymous: The story of how thousands of men and women have recovered from alcoholism , 4th , New York : Alcoholics Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2006 . Practice guideline for psychiatric evaluation of adults , 2nd , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anton , R. F. , Oroszi , G. , O’Malley , S. , Couper , D. , Swift , R. Pettinati , H. 2008 . An evaluation of μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) as a predictor of naltrexone response in the treatment of alcohol dependence: Results from the combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence (COMBINE) study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 65 ( 2 ) : 135 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 ( 6 ) : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogenschutz , M. P. 2005 . Specialized 12-step programs and 12-step facilitation for the dually diagnosed . Community Mental Health Journal , 41 ( 1 ) : 7 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogenschutz , M. P. and Akin , S. J. 2000 . 12-step participation and attitudes toward 12-step meetings in dual diagnosis patients . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 18 ( 4 ) : 31 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogenschutz , M. P. , Tonigan , J. S. and Miller , W. R. in press . Examining self-efficacy as a mediator of AA's effect on abstinence: Moderating effects of alcoholism typology . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. ,
   Google Scholar
• Bouza , C. , Magro , A. , Muñoz , A. and Amate , J. M. 2004 . Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A systematic review . Addiction , 99 ( 7 ) : 811 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , S. A. 1993 . “ Recovery patterns in adolescent substance abuse ” . In Addictive behaviors across the life span: Prevention, treatment, and policy issues , Edited by: Marlatt , G. A. and Baer , J. S. 161 – 183 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Center for Substance Abuse Treatment . 2005 . “ Substance abuse treatment for persons with co-occurring disorders ” . Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 42. Rockville , MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (DHHS Publication No. [SMA] 05-3922) .
   Google Scholar
• Conner , M. and Norman , P. 1996 . Predicting health behavior: Research and practice with social cognition models , Buckingham , , England : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dual Diagnosis Anonymous (DDA) . n.d. . Working the program , San Bernardino , CA : Dual Diagnosis Anonymous World Services .
   Google Scholar
• Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA) . 2004 . “ DRA online resource center ” . Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://www.draonline.org
   Google Scholar
• Emrick , C. D. , Tonigan , J. S. , Montgomery , H. and Little , L. 1993 . “ Alcoholics Anonymous: What is currently known? ” . In Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives , Edited by: McCrady , B. S. and Miller , W. R. 41 – 76 . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Glasgow , R. E. , Lichtenstein , E. and Marcus , A. C. 2003 . Why don't we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy to effectiveness transition . American Journal of Public Health , 93 ( 8 ) : 1261 – 1267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstrom , I. D. , Campbell , J. , Rogers , J. A. , Lambert , D. B. , Blacklow , B. Henderson , M. J. 2006 . National estimates for mental health mutual support groups, self-help organizations, and consumer-operated services . Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research , 33 ( 1 ) : 92 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groh , D. R. , Jason , L. A. and Keys , C. B. 2008 . Social network variables in Alcoholics Anonymous: A literature review . Clinical Psychology Review , 28 ( 3 ) : 430 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood , H. 2000 . “ Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by the Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ” . Rockville , MD : National Institutes of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. 2004 . Circles of recovery: Self-help organizations for addictions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. and Moos , R. H. 2001 . Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self-help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi-experimental study . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 25 ( 5 ) : 711 – 716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , K. and Moos , R. H. 2007 . Encouraging post-treatment self-help group involvement to reduce demand for continuing care services: Two-year clinical and utilization outcomes . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 31 ( 1 ) : 64 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 1998 . Bridging the gap: Forging new partnerships in community-based drug abuse treatment , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jané-Llopis , E. and Matytsina , I. 2006 . Mental health and alcohol, drugs and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs . Drug and Alcohol Review , 25 : 515 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. A. , Roache , J. D. , Ait-Daoud , N. , Wells , L. T. , Wallace , C. L. Dawes , M. A. 2007 . Effects of topiramate on methamphetamine-induced changes in attentional and perceptual-motor skills of cognition in recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent individuals . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 31 ( 1 ) : 123 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , L. C. , Davidson , W. S. , Herman , S. E. and Bootsmiller , B. J. 2002 . Involvement 12-step programs among persons with dual diagnoses . Psychiatric Services , 53 ( 7 ) : 894 – 896 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. and Nock , M. K. 2003 . Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 44 ( 8 ) : 1116 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. 2003 . Mutual-help for substance use disorders: History, effectiveness, knowledge gaps & research opportunities . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 ( 5 ) : 639 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. , Humphreys , K. N. and Youngson , H. 2004 . “ Mutual aid groups ” . In Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Practical Guide for Counselors , 3rd , Edited by: Harrison , S. and Carver , V. Toronto : Centre for Addiction and Mental Health .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. and McCrady , B.S. 2008 . “ Twelve-step facilitation in non-specialty settings ” . In Research on alcoholism: Alcoholics Anonymous and spiritual aspects of recovery , Edited by: Galanter , M. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. , McKellar , J. D. and Moos , R. H. 2003 . Major depression in patients with substance use disorders: Relationship to 12-step self-help involvement and substance use outcomes . Addiction , 98 ( 4 ) : 499 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. and Moos , R. H. 2003 . Dropout from 12-step self-help groups: Prevalence, predictors and counteracting treatment influences . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 24 ( 3 ) : 241 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. and Myers , M. G. 2007 . Adolescents’ participation in Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous: Review, implications, and future directions . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 39 ( 3 ) : 259 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. , Myers , M. G. and Brown , S.A. 2000 . A multivariate process model of adolescent 12-step attendance and substance use outcome following inpatient treatment . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 14 ( 4 ) : 376 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. , Myers , M. G. and Rodolico , J. in press . What do adolescents think about 12-step groups? Perceptions and experiences of two AA-exposed clinical samples . Journal of Substance Abuse ,
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. , Stout , R. , Zywiak , W. and Schneider , R. 2006 . A 3-year study of addiction mutual-help group participation following intensive outpatient treatment . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 30 ( 8 ) : 1381 – 1392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. F. and Yeterian , J. D. 2008 . “ Mutual-help groups ” . In Evidence-based adjunctive treatments , Edited by: O’Donohue , W. and Cunningham , J. R . 61 – 106 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , R. , Hayward , P. , Applewhaite , G. , Everitt , B. and David , A. 1996 . Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: Randomised controlled trial . British Journal of Medicine , 312 : 345 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. 1995 . The national comorbidity survey: Preliminary results and future directions . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research , 5 ( 2 ) : 139 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Berglund , P. A. , Demler , O. , Jin , R. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 ( 6 ) : 593 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Chiu , W. T. , Demler , O. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 ( 6 ) : 617 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Crum , R. M. , Warner , L. A. , Nelson , C. B. , Schulenberg , J. and Anthony , J. C. 1997 . Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Nelson , C. B. , McGonagle , K. A. , Edlund , M. J. , Frank , R. G. and Leaf , P. J. 1996 . The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 ( 1 ) : 17 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissin , W. , McLeod , C. and McKay , J. 2003 . The longitudinal relationship between self-help group attendance and course of recovery . Evaluation and Program Planning , 26 ( 3 ) : 311 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. B. , Cleland , C. M. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. L. 2004 . Social support mediates the effects of dual-focus mutual aid groups on abstinence from substance use . American Journal of Community Psychology , 34 ( 3-4 ) : 175 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. B. , Magura , S. , Cleland , C. M. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. L. 2003 . Predictors of retention in dual-focus self-help groups . Community Mental Health Journal , 39 ( 4 ) : 281 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. B. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. 2000a . Recovery challenges among dually diagnosed individuals . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 18 ( 4 ) : 321 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. B. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. 2000b . Support, mutual aid and recovery from dual diagnosis . Community Mental Health Journal , 36 ( 5 ) : 457 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , A. D. , Mathers , C. D. , Ezzati , M. , Jamison , D. and Murray , C. 2006 . Global burden of disease and risk factors , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Magura , S. , Cleland , C. , Vogel , H. S. , Knight , E. L. and Laudet , A. B. 2007 . Effects of “dual focus” mutual aid on self-efficacy for recovery and quality of life . Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura , S. , Knight , E. L. , Vogel , H. S. , Mahmood , D. , Laudet , A. B. and Rosenblum , A. 2003 . Mediators of effectiveness in dual-focus self-help groups . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 29 ( 2 ) : 301 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura , S. , Laudet , A. B. , Mahmood , D. , Rosenblum , A. and Knight , E. 2002 . Adherence to medication regimens and participation in dual-focus self-help groups . Psychiatric Services , 53 ( 3 ) : 310 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura , S. , Laudet , A. B. , Mahmood , D. , Rosenblum , A. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. L. 2003 . Role of self-help processes in achieving abstinence among dually diagnoses persons . Addictive Behaviors , 28 : 399 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkela , K. 1996 . Alcoholics Anonymous as a mutual-help movement: A study in eight societies , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , K. 2004 . Pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence: A review of the clinical data . CNS Drugs , 18 ( 8 ) : 485 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , J. R. , Merikle , E. , Mulvaney , F. D. , Weiss , R. V. and Koppenhaver , J. M. 2001 . Factors accounting for cocaine use two years following initiation of continuing care . Addiction , 96 ( 2 ) : 213 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissen , G. , Powell , T. J. , Wituk , S. A. , Girrens , K. and Arteaga , S. 1999 . Attitudes of AA contact persons toward group participation by persons with a mental illness . Psychiatric Services , 50 ( 8 ) : 1079 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. 2007 . Theory-based active ingredients of effective treatments for substance use disorders . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 88 : 109 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. and Moos , B. 2005 . Sixteen-year changes and stable remission among treated and untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 80 ( 3 ) : 337 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern , J. , Labouvie , E. , McCrady , B. S. , Kahler , C. W. and Frey , R. M. 1997 . Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after treatment: A study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 ( 5 ) : 768 – 777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowbray , C. T. , Solomon , M. , Ribisl , K. M. , Ebejer , M. A. , Deiz , N. Brown , W. 1995 . Treatment for mental illness and substance abuse in a public psychiatric hospital: Successful strategies and challenging problems . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 12 ( 2 ) : 129 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T. , Noordsy , D. L. , Drake , R. E. , Fox , L. and Barlow , D. H. 2003 . Integrated treatment for dual disorders: A guide to effective practice , New York : Guildord Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noordsy , D. L. , Schwab , B. , Fox , L. and Drake , R. E. 1996 . The role of self-help programs in the rehabilitation of persons with severe mental illness and substance use disorders . Community Mental Health Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 71 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowinski , J. , Baker , S. and Carroll , K. 1995 . Twelve-Step Facilitation Therapy Manual: A clinical research guide for therapists treating individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence , Project MATCH Monograph Series, Vol. 1. Rockville , MD : National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. (NIH Pub. No. 94-3722) .
   Google Scholar
• Olmstead , T. , White , W. D. and Sindelar , J. 2004 . The impact of managed care on substance abuse treatment services . Health Services Research , 39 ( 2 ) : 319 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimette , P. , Humphreys , K. , Moos , R. H. , Finney , J. W. , Cronkite , R. and Federman , B. 2001 . Self-help group participation among substance use disorder patients with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 20 ( 1 ) : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimette , P. C. , Moos , R. H. and Finney , J. W. 1998 . Influence of outpatient treatment and 12-step group involvement on one-year substance abuse treatment outcomes . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 59 ( 5 ) : 513 – 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pristach , C. A. and Smith , C. M. 1999 . Attitudes towards Alcoholics Anonymous by dually diagnosed psychiatric patients . Journal of Addictive Diseases , 18 ( 3 ) : 69 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RachBeisel , J. , Scott , J. and Dixon , L. 1999 . Co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research . Psychiatric Services , 50 ( 11 ) : 1427 – 1434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier , D. A. , Narrow , W. E. and Rae , D. S. 1990 . The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Experience . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 24 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 3 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , D. P. , Kelman , S. and Miller , L. S. 1991 . Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988 . Public Health Reports , 106 ( 3 ) : 280 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room , R. and Greenfield , T. 1993 . Alcoholics Anonymous, other 12-step movements and psychotherapy in the U.S. population, 1990 . Addiction , 88 ( 4 ) : 555 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock , I. 1974 . Historical origins of the health belief model . Health Education Monographs , 2 ( 4 ) : 328 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Rychtarik , R. G. , Connors , G. J. , Derman , K. H. and Stasiewicz , P. R. 2000 . Alcoholics Anonymous and the use of medications to prevent relapse: An anonymous survey of member attitudes . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 61 ( 1 ) : 134 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson , R. W. and Mallams , J. H. 1981 . The use of systematic encouragement and community access procedures to increase attendance at Alcoholic Anonymous and Al-Anon meetings . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 8 ( 3 ) : 371 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . 2006 . Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings , Rockville , MD : Office of Applied Studies. (NSDUH Series H-30; DHHS Publication No. SMA 06-4194) .
   Google Scholar
• Timko , C. , DeBenedetti , A. and Billow , R. 2006 . Intensive referral to 12-step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes . Addiction , 101 ( 5 ) : 678 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timko , C. , Moos , R. H. , Finney , J. W. and Lesar , M. D. 2000 . Long-term outcomes of alcohol use disorders: Comparing untreated individuals with those in Alcoholics Anonymous and formal treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 6 ( 4 ) : 529 – 540 .
   Google Scholar
• Timko , C. , Moos , R. H. , Finney , J. W. , Moos , B. S. and Kaplowitz , M. S. 1999 . Long-term treatment careers and outcomes of previously untreated alcoholics . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 60 ( 4 ) : 437 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasson , K. and Vaglum , P. 1998 . Psychiatric co-morbidity and aftercare among alcoholics: A prospective study of a nationwide representative sample . Addiction , 93 ( 3 ) : 423 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. S. and Kelly , J. F. 2004 . Beliefs about AA and the use of medications: A comparison of three groups of AA-exposed alcohol dependent persons . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 22 ( 2 ) : 67 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. S. , Miller , W. R. , Juarez , P. and Villanueva , M. 2002 . Utilization of AA by Hispanic and non-Hispanic White clients receiving outpatient alcohol treatment . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 63 ( 2 ) : 215 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. S. , Toscova , R. and Miller , W. R. 1996 . Meta-analysis of the literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: Sample and study characteristics moderate findings . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 57 ( 1 ) : 65 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Health Administration . 2001 . Management of substance use disorders in the primary and specialty care , Washington , DC : Office of Quality and Performance and the Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense Development Work Group .
   Google Scholar
• Westermeyer , J. J. and Schneekloth , T. D. 1999 . Course of substance abuse in patients with and without schizophrenia . American Journal on Addictions , 8 ( 1 ) : 55 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2004 . The world health report 2004: Changing history , Geneva , , Switzerland : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Yalom , I. D. 1995 . The theory and practice of group psychotherapy , 4th , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar