References
- Ahmadinejad-Naseh, M., & Burke, S. L. (2017). They survived, we can help them thrive: Older adult refugees in the United States. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 60(3), 189–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/01634372.2016.1273292
- Ainamani, H. E., Elbert, T., Olema, D. K., & Hecker, T. (2017). PTSD symptom severity relates to cognitive and psycho-social dysfunctioning – A study with Congolese refugees in Uganda. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1), 1283086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/20008198.2017.1283086
- Almeida, J., Molnar, B. E., Kawachi, I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2009). Ethnicity and nativity status as determinants of perceived social support: Testing the concept of familism. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 68(10), 1852–1858. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.029
- Alencar, A. (2018). Refugee integration and social media: A local and experiential perspective. Information, Communication & Society, 21(11), 1588–1603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/1369118X.2017.1340500
- American Immigration Council. (2019, June 18). An overview of U.S. refugee law and policy. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/overview-us-refugee-law-and-policy
- Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42(5), 519–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1093/geronj/42.5.519
- Antonucci, T. C. (2001). Social relations: An examination of social networks, social support, and sense of control. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 427–453). Academic Press.
- Antonucci, T. C., Ajrouch, K. J., & Birditt, K. S. (2014). The convoy model: Explaining social relations from a multidisciplinary perspective. The Gerontologist, 54(1), 82–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1093/geront/gnt118
- Behnia, B. (2003). Refugees’ convoy of social support: Community peer groups and mental health services. International Journal of Mental Health, 32(4), 6–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/00207411.2003.11449595
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723–742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Ecological systems theory (1992). In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development (pp. 106–173). Sage Publications Ltd.
- Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793–828). Wiley.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, March 1). Congolese refugee health profile. https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/pdf/congolese-health-profile.pdf
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (n.d.). The World Factbook 2018. Africa: Congo, Democratic Republic. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World Factbook. Skyhorse Publishing.
- Cepla, Z. (2019). Fact sheet: U.S. refugee resettlement. National immigration forum. https://immigrationforum.org/article/fact-sheet-u-s-refugee-resettlement/
- Cultural Orientation Resource Center (CORC). (2014, January). Refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. http://www.culturalorientation.net/learning/populations/congolese-refugees
- De Trinidad Young, M.-E., Leon-Perez, G., Wells, C. R., & Wallace, S. P. (2018). More inclusive states, less poverty among immigrants? An examination of poverty, citizenship stratification, and state immigrant policies. Population Research and Policy Review, 37(2), 205–228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s11113-018-9459-3
- Dubus, N. (2018). Arriving old: A qualitative study of elder refugee women's self-perceptions of the first year of resettlement. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/01634372.2018.1457124
- Evason, N. (2019). American culture. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/american-culture/references-72175553-fcba-44fd-897c-c568b9667bda#references-72175553-fcba-44fd-897c-c568b9667bda
- Fernandes, R., Osarch, S., Bell, C. L., Flynn, B. W., Nguyen, L. V., Abad, M. J., Wen, A. B., & Masaki, K. H. (2013). Aging and caregiving in the Republic of Palau. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s10823-013-9192-7
- Flauhaux, M., Schoumaker, B. (2016, April 20). Democratic Republic of the Congo: A migration history marked by crises and restrictions. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/democratic-republic-congo-migration-history-marked-crises-and-restrictions
- Fuller-Iglesias, H., Sellars, B., & Antonucci, T. C. (2008). Resilience in old age: Social relations as a protective factor. Research in Human Development, 5(3), 181–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/15427600802274043
- Gautam, R., Mawn, B. E., & Beehler, S. (2018). Bhutanese older adult refugees recently resettled in the United States: A better life with little sorrows. Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society, 29(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/1043659617696975
- Grandbois, D. M., & Sanders, G. F. (2009). The resilience of native American elders. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(9), 569–580. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/01612840902916151
- Greenfield, E. A., & Mauldin, R. L. (2017). Participation in community activities through Naturally Occurring Retirement Community (NORC) supportive service programs. Ageing & Society, 37(10), 1987–2011. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1017/S0144686X16000702
- Hagaman, A. K., Sivilli, T. I., Ao, T., Blanton, C., Ellis, H., Cardozo, B. L., & Shetty, S. (2016). An investigation into suicides among Bhutanese refugees resettled in the United States between 2008 and 2011. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(4), 819–827. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s10903-015-0326-6
- Horsford, S. R., Parra-Cardona, J. R., Post, L. A., & Schiamberg, L. (2011). Elder abuse and neglect in African American families: Informing practice based on ecological and cultural frameworks. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 23(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/08946566.2011.534709
- Human Rights Watch. (2019). Democratic Republic of Congo. Events of 2018. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/democratic-republic-congo
- Hynie, M. (2018). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0706743717746666
- Im, H. (2014). Trauma-informed cross-cultural psychoeducation: Refugee mental health training for community leaders. Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) & Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services (DBHDS).
- International Rescue Committee. (2019). Democratic Republic of Congo. https://www.rescue.org/country/democratic-republic-congo#what-caused-the-current-crisis-in-congo
- Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life course: Attachment roles and social support. In B.P. Baltes & O.G. Brim (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (pp. 253–286). Academic Press.
- Krogstad, J. M., Gonzalez-Barrera, A. (2019, May 17). Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and proposed changes. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/17/key-facts-about-u-s-immigration-policies-and-proposed-changes/
- Lambert, J. E., & Alhassoon, O. M. (2015). Trauma-focused therapy for refugees: Meta-analytic findings. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1037/cou0000048
- Li, S. S., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 8. https://link.springer.com/article/10/1007/s11920-016-0723-0 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s11920-016-0723-0
- Marks, J. A. (2014). New issues in refugee research: research paper No. 269: Rural refugee resettlement: Secondary migration and community integration in Fort Morgan, Colorado. UNHCR. https://doi.org/https://www.unhcr.org/5326c7cd9.pdf
- Nakeyar, C., Esses, V., & Reid, G. J. (2018). The psychosocial needs of refugee children and youth and best practices for filling these needs: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(2), 186–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/1359104517742188
- Nawyn, S. J., Gjokaj, L., Agbényiga, D. L., & Grace, B. (2012). Linguistic isolation, social capital, and immigrant belonging. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 41(3), 255–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0891241611433623
- Office of Refugee Resettlement. (2018). Refugees. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/refugees
- Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 10(9), e0138511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1371/journal.pone.0138511
- Parekh, R., Maleku, A., Fields, N., Adorno, G., Schuman, D., & Felderhoff, B. (2018). Pathways to age-friendly communities in diverse urban neighborhoods: Do social capital and social cohesion matter? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(5), 492–512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2018.145456
- Pierce, S. (2019, May). Immigration-related policy changes in the first two years of the Trump administration. Migration Policy Institute.
- Plath, D. V. (1980). Long engagements. Stanford University Press.
- Quinn, N. (2014). Participatory action research with asylum seekers and refugees experiencing stigma and discrimination: The experience from Scotland. Disability & Society, 29(1), 58–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/09687599.2013.769863
- Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1111/jftr.12022
- Refaid. (2019). Refaid - Refugee aid app. https://refaid.com/
- Sadarangani, T. R., & Jun, J. (2015). Newly arrived elderly immigrants: A concept analysis of “aging out of place”. Journal of Transcultural Nursing: Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society, 26(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/1043659614549074
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s concept of trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4884. SAMHSA.
- Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., & Rees, S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 16(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1002/wps.20438
- Slewa-Younan, S., Santalucia, Y., McDonald, R., & Salem, M. (2016). Enhancing the lives of older refugees: An evaluation of a training resource. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1186/s13033-016-0067-5
- Smigelsky, M. A., Gill, A. R., Foshager, D., Aten, J. D., & Im, H. (2017). “My heart is in his hands”: The lived spiritual experiences of Congolese refugee women survivors of sexual violence. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 45(4), 261–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/10852352.2016.1197754
- Strong, J., Varady, C., Chahda, N., Doocy, S., & Burnham, G. (2015). Health status and health needs of older refugees from Syria in Lebanon. Conflict & Health, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uky.edu/10/1186/s13031-014-0029-y
- Suter, B. (2019). Social networks and mobility in time and space: Integration processes of Burmese Karen resettled refugees in Sweden. Journal of Refugee Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1093/jrs/fez008
- Teshuva, K., & Wells, Y. (2014). Experiences of ageing and aged care in Australia of older survivors of genocide. Ageing and Society, 34(3), 518–537. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1017/S0144686X12001109
- Tippens, J. A. (2019). Generational perceptions of support among Congolese refugees in urban Tanzania. Global Social Welfare, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s40609-019-00155-2
- Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Ballette, F., Nosè, M., Ostuzzi, G., & Barbui, C. (2017). Common mental disorders in asylum seekers and refugees: Umbrella review of prevalence and intervention studies. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1186/s13033-017-0156-0
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2013). A new beginning: Refugee integration in Europe. https://www.refworld.org/docid/522980604.html
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2018a). Global trend. Forced displacement in 2017. http://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2018b, January 11). The rights of older persons in the global compact on refugees. http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/events/conferences/5a6703357/rights-older-persons-global-compact-refugees.html?query=older%20refugees.
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2018c). The democratic republic of the Congo. Regional refugee response plan. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/67237
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2019). Advocacy. https://www.unhcr.org/advocacy.html
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019, June 5). Refugees and asylees. https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/refugees-asylees
- U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). U.S. relations with Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2823.htm
- Wachter, K., Heffron, L. C., Snyder, S., Nsonwu, M. B., & Busch-Armendariz, N. B. (2016). Unsettled integration: Pre- and post-migration factors in Congolese refugee women’s resettlement experiences in the United States. International Social Work, 59(6), 875–889. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0020872815580049
- Weisman, A., Feldman, G., Gruman, C., Rosenberg, R., Chamorro, R., & Belozersky, I. (2005). Improving mental health services for Latino and Asian immigrant elders. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(6), 642–648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1037/0735-7028.36.6.642
- World Atlas. (2018). What languages are spoken in the Congo? https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-the-republic-of-the-congo.html
- Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0011000008316034
- Zong, J., Batalova, J., Burrows, M. (2019, 14 March). Frequently requested statistics on immigrants and immigration in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states#Refugees