High lethality and minimal variation after acute self-poisoning with carbamate insecticides in Sri Lanka – implications for global suicide prevention

References

• Eddleston M. Patterns and problems of deliberate self-poisoning in the developing world. QJM. 2000;93:715–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips MR, Yang G, Zhang Y, et al. Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. Lancet. 2002;360:1728–1736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, et al. The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel V, Ramasundarahettige C, Vijayakumar L, et al. Suicide mortality in India: a nationally representative survey. Lancet. 2012;379:2343–2351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell D, Fernando R, Hewagama M, et al. The impact of pesticide regulations on suicide in Sri Lanka. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:1235–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Adhikari S, Egodage S, et al. Effects of a provincial ban of two toxic organophosphorus insecticides on pesticide poisoning hospital admissions. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50:202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. The 199th announcement by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Sun L, Liu Y, et al. The change in suicide rates between 2002 and 2011 in China. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44:560–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne B, Marrs TC. Overview of the biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, editors. Clinical and experimental toxicology of organophosphates and carbamates. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann; 1992. p. 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Lotti M. Clinical toxicology of anticholinesterase agents in humans. In: Krieger RI, Doull J, editors. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 2001. p. 1043–1085.
   Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Sudarshan K, Senthilkumaran M, et al. Patterns of hospital transfer for self-poisoned patients in rural SriLanka: implications for estimating the incidence of self-poisoning in the developing world. Bull World Health Organ. 2006;84:276–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale A, Lotti M. Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide poisoning. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;131:149–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eddleston M, Dawson A, Karalliedde L, et al. Early management after self-poisoning with an organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide-a treatment protocol for junior doctors. Crit Care. 2004;8:R391–RR97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King AM, Aaron CK. Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2015;33:133–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadia RS, Bhirud RH, Gulavani AV, et al. Neurological manifestations of three organophosphate poisons. Indian J Med Res. 1977;66:460–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, et al. Differences between organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005;366:1452–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Mohamed F, Davies JOJ, et al. Respiratory failure in acute organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning. Q J Med. 2006;99:513–522.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson AH, Eddleston M, Senarathna L, et al. Acute human lethal toxicity of agricultural pesticides: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Gunnell D, Karunaratne A, et al. Epidemiology of intentional self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187:583–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Juszczak E, Buckley NA, et al. Multiple-dose activated charcoal in acute self-poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostafa A, Medley G, Roberts DM, et al. Simultaneous quantification of carbamate insecticides in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2011;879:2234–2238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abass K, Reponen P, Mattila S, et al. Metabolism of carbosulfan II. Human interindividual variability in its in vitro hepatic biotransformation and the identification of the cytochrome P450 isoforms involved. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;185:163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BK, Jeung KW, Lee HY, et al. Mortality rate and pattern following carbamate methomyl poisoning. Comparison with organophosphate poisoning of comparable toxicity. Clin Toxicol. 2011;49:828–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werk AN, Cascorbi I. Functional gene variants of CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96:340–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indira M, Andrews MA, Prakesh TP. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of intermediate syndrome in cholinergic insecticide poisoning: a prospective observational cohort study. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:838–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, et al. Pralidoxime in acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning – a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon JM, Chun BJ, Lee BK. Glasgow coma scale score in the prognosis of acute carbamate insecticide intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50:832–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Gunnell D, von ML, et al. Relationship between blood alcohol concentration on admission and outcome in dimethoate organophosphorus self-poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;68:916–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Street JM, Self I, et al. A role for solvents in the toxicity of agricultural organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology. 2012;294:94–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification: 2009. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Crop Protection Handbook 2003. Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company; 2003.
   Google Scholar