Toxicity evaluation of α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP): results from intoxication cases within the STRIDA project

References

• Gardos G, Cole JO. Evaluation of pyrovalerone in chronically fatigued volunteers. Curr Therap Res Clin Exp. 1971;13:631–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, et al. Evaluation of the characteristics of safety withdrawal of prescription drugs from worldwide pharmaceutical markets – 1960 to 1999. Drug Inform J. 2001;35:293–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Convention on psychotropic substances 1971 [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 May 22]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. European Drug Report 2014. Trends and developments [Internet]; 2016 [cited 2016 May 22]. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2014.
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer PC, Butler D, Deschamps JR, et al. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pentan-1-one (pyrovalerone) analogues: a promising class of monoamine uptake inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2006;49:1420–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatch MB, Dolan SB, Forster MJ. Comparative behavioral pharmacology of three pyrrolidine-containing synthetic cathinone derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015;354:103–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marusich JA, Antonazzo KR, Wiley JL, et al. Pharmacology of novel synthetic stimulants structurally related to the “bath salts” constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Neuropharmacology. 2014;87:206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickli A, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:365–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolanos R, Sakloth F, Jain AD, et al. Structural modification of the designer stimulant α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP) influences potency at dopamine transporters. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2015;6:1726–1731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola M, Mondola R. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicol Lett. 2012;208:12–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck O, Franzen L, Bäckberg M, et al. Intoxications involving MDPV in Sweden during 2010-2014: results from the STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:865–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, et al. New designer drugs N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine (PCEEA) and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine (PCMEA): studies on their metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. J Mass Spectrom. 2008;43:305–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giese C, Igoe D, Gibbons Z, et al. Injection of new psychoactive substance snow blow associated with recently acquired HIV infections among homeless people who inject drugs in Dublin, Ireland, 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:1-6. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.4030036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundström M, Pelander A, Simojoki K, et al. Patterns of drug abuse among drug users with regular and irregular attendance for treatment as detected by comprehensive UHPLC-HR-TOF-MS. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikman P, Sundström M, Pelander A, et al. New psychoactive substances as part of polydrug abuse within opioid maintenance treatment revealed by comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometric urine drug screening. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2016;31:44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamowicz P, Gieroń J, Gil D, et al. The prevalence of new psychoactive substances in biological material – a three-year review of casework in Poland. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8:64–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. Europol joint report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP) [Internet]; 2016 [cited 2016 May 22]. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/alpha-pvp.
   Google Scholar
• Eiden C, Mathieu O, Cathala P, et al. Toxicity and death following recreational use of 2-pyrrolidino valerophenone. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:899–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai H, Saka K, Nakajima M, et al. Sudden death after sustained restraint following self-administration of the designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:263–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Beck O, Hägerkvist R, et al. Identification of novel psychoactive drug use in Sweden based on laboratory analysis – initial experiences from the STRIDA project. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013;73:400–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Hultén P, et al. Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: results from the Swedish STRIDA project. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;243:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saffar Y, Stephanson NN, Beck O. Multicomponent LC-MS/MS screening method for detection of new psychoactive drugs, legal highs, in urine-experience from the Swedish population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013;930:112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, et al. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36:205–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starmark JE, Stålhammar D, Holmgren E. The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guidelines. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1988;91:12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stålhammar D, Holmgren E, Rosander B. A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). J Neurosurg. 1988;69:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledberg A. The interest in eight new psychoactive substances before and after scheduling. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grapp M, Sauer C, Vidal C, et al. GC-MS analysis of the designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone and its metabolites in urine and blood in an acute poisoning case. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;259:e14–e19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoy JL, Peterson BL, Couper FJ. Suspected impaired driving case involving α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, methylone and ethylone. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38:615–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykutera M, Cychowska M, Bloch-Boguslawska E. A fatal case of pentedrone and α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone poisoning. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39:324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froberg BA, Levine M, Beuhler MC, et al. Acute methylenedioxypyrovalerone toxicity. J Med Toxicol. 2015;11:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Beck O, Hultén P, et al. Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (5-IT): a case series from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:618–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Beck O. MT-45, a new psychoactive substance associated with hearing loss and unconsciousness. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:901–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckberg M, Lindeman E, Beck O, et al. Characteristics of analytically confirmed 3-MMC-related intoxications from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar